Glossary
Algorithms (social media)
Complex sets of rules or instructions that social media platforms use to determine which content users see, often based on their past interactions and preferences.
Example:
The algorithms on your social media feed might show you more political content if you frequently interact with political posts, potentially reinforcing your existing views.
Bias (in media)
A tendency or inclination, either for or against a particular viewpoint, person, or group, that can influence how news is reported.
Example:
A news report that consistently uses negative language to describe one political party while using positive language for another demonstrates clear bias.
Candidate Platforms
The stated positions and policy proposals of a political candidate on various issues, communicated to voters during an election.
Example:
Before an election, voters often research the candidate platforms of different contenders to decide who best represents their interests.
Civil Discourse
Constructive and respectful conversation or debate between individuals with differing viewpoints, aimed at understanding rather than just winning an argument.
Example:
When political discussions devolve into personal attacks rather than reasoned arguments, it signals a breakdown in civil discourse.
Confirmation Bias
The psychological tendency to seek out, interpret, and remember information in a way that confirms one's pre-existing beliefs or hypotheses.
Example:
A voter with strong conservative views might only read articles that support conservative policies, exhibiting confirmation bias.
Consumer-Driven Media
Media outlets whose content and focus are heavily influenced by what attracts the largest audience or generates the most engagement, sometimes at the expense of in-depth or unbiased reporting.
Example:
A news channel prioritizing sensational headlines and dramatic visuals over factual reporting to boost ratings is an example of consumer-driven media.
Decline in Trust (in media)
A decrease in the public's confidence in the accuracy, fairness, and reliability of news organizations and journalists.
Example:
Frequent accusations of media bias from political figures can contribute to a widespread decline in trust in news reporting among the public.
Discouraging Participation
Actions or media coverage that lead to citizens feeling disengaged, cynical, or unwilling to participate in the political process.
Example:
Constant media focus on political gridlock and corruption can contribute to discouraging participation, making voters feel their efforts are futile.
Echo Chambers
Online or media environments where individuals are primarily exposed to information and opinions that reinforce their existing beliefs, limiting exposure to diverse perspectives.
Example:
If you only follow social media accounts and news sources that agree with your political views, you are likely operating within an echo chamber.
Encouraging Participation
Actions or media coverage that motivate citizens to engage in the political process, such as voting, volunteering, or advocating for issues.
Example:
A news report highlighting the impact of local elections on school funding can serve as a powerful tool for encouraging participation among parents.
Government Effectiveness
The public's perception of how well government institutions and officials are performing their duties and achieving policy goals.
Example:
Positive media stories about a successful infrastructure project can enhance public perception of government effectiveness.
Misinformation
False or inaccurate information that is spread, regardless of intent to deceive.
Example:
Sharing an unverified news story on social media without checking its facts can contribute to the spread of misinformation.
Partisan News
News outlets that present information with a clear ideological slant, often catering to a specific political viewpoint or party.
Example:
Watching a partisan news channel might mean you primarily hear stories that support one political party's agenda and criticize the other's.
Political Analysis
The process by which media commentators and experts interpret complex political events, policies, or candidate actions for the public.
Example:
During a presidential debate, cable news channels often provide immediate political analysis to help viewers understand the candidates' strategies and arguments.
Political Apathy
A lack of interest, concern, or engagement in political affairs, often leading to low voter turnout and civic disengagement.
Example:
When citizens feel that their vote doesn't matter or that all politicians are corrupt, it can lead to widespread political apathy.
Public Opinion
The collective attitudes and beliefs of a significant portion of the population on political issues, policies, and leaders.
Example:
Media coverage of a new environmental policy can significantly shift public opinion on its necessity and effectiveness.