Branches of Government

Federalism complicates coherence national strategies because subnational entities posses latitude crafting policies suited particular preferences conditions contexts.

National supremacy facilitates seamless integration differing goals objectives across various jurisdictions ensuring predictable uniform environment conduct affairs throughout entire country.

The nature dual sovereignty encourages collaboration harmonization efforts leading consistent approaches tackling common issues despite divergent perspectives held individual members federation.

Administrative decrees issued centrally encounter little resistance uniformly applied standardizing effective responses encountered problems regardless locational discrepancies.

Judicial decisions regarding bureaucratic activities would cease, as courts no longer needed to review actions taken without discretion.

The executive branch would lose all control over law enforcement and policy implementation.

There would be less room for interpretation, leading to potentially rigid enforcement of regulations.

Congressional oversight would become irrelevant within bureaucratic operations.

They allow agencies to bypass Congress when implementing new regulations.

They allow for flexibility and adaptability in implementing legislative mandates.

They give unlimited power to federal bureaucrats with no oversight from elected officials or courts.

They provide the president with ultimate decision-making power over all policies.

The Great Depression had no impact on rule-making authorities.

There was a sharp decline in the power held by federal agencies.

Federal agencies delegated their responsibilities to local governments as a result of the depression.

There was a significant expansion of rule-making powers among federal agencies.

Agencies don't have any real discretion; they execute only what Congress specifies in laws.

Only the President can exercise discretion, while any agency can make rules.

Discretion involves interpreting and applying rules in specific instances, while rule-making involves establishing broad policies.

Rule-making is restricted to internal agency operations, while discretion affects external relations.

It resulted in decreased government involvement in financial institutions.

It led to increased regulation and oversight of businesses.

It led to increased civil rights for minority groups.

It resulted in fewer environmental protections.

Cooperative Federalism requires federal agencies to adopt state rules when they are more stringent than national standards.

The Necessary and Proper Clause grants states the power to regulate matters not explicitly stated in the Constitution, including conflicts with federal agencies.

The Supremacy Clause ensures federal authority prevails, often leading to the nullification of the conflicting state rules.

State sovereignty under the Tenth Amendment allows states to override any federal regulations within their borders.

Executive agencies would likely have less power and flexibility to adapt regulations to changing circumstances.

The President's role in overseeing executive agencies would be greatly diminished.

Congress would gain more direct control over rule-making processes.

Judicial review of administrative decisions would become unnecessary.

Judicial review has no interaction with an agency's discretionary or rule-making authority.

Courts can determine whether an agency's use of its power was legal and reasonable.

Judicial review allows courts to grant agencies additional powers beyond what Congress provided.

Courts use judicial review to advise agencies on how best to use their discretion and make rules.

Interagency competition for jurisdiction can lead to narrower interpretations of broad legislation, constraining discretion.

Agencies have more leeway in interpreting statutes with vague language, increasing their discretion in rule-making.

Broad delegation may prompt executive orders clarifying intent, which could actually limit agency discretion.

Stricter judicial scrutiny often accompanies broad legislation, reducing rather than enhancing discretion.