Civil Liberties and Civil Rights

It expands states' powers by allowing them more discretion in interpreting individual rights under federal law.

It provides a uniform set of laws that all states must follow, thereby reducing diversity among state legal codes.

It limits states' power by ensuring they cannot infringe upon certain constitutional protections for individuals.

It increases federal government intervention in all matters concerning civil liberties within each state’s jurisdiction.

It had no impact on gun control policies across U.S states.

It made firearm regulations less strict within States than it is at the Federal level.

It enforced that Second Amendment rights apply to State governments as well as Federal government.

It outlawed all forms of firearm ownership across every U.S state.

It was cited by Congress as the main reason for not intervening in state educational policies.

It allowed states to maintain segregated school systems under "separate but equal" doctrine.

It provided a constitutional basis for the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education to desegregate schools.

It led directly to the passage of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, mandating desegregation.

It limited states’ power by requiring them to exclude illegally obtained evidence in trials.

It expanded states' power by allowing them to regulate commerce within their borders.

It restricted states' ability to impose poll taxes in elections.

It increased state autonomy by upholding states’ rights to enact labor laws.

States must adhere to selected provisions from the Bill of Rights as fundamental liberties protected by due process.

States have gained more discretionary power over criminal justice procedures independent from federal oversight.

The process of applying provisions of the Bill of Rights to the states through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

The process of selecting specific amendments to incorporate into the Constitution

The process of incorporating state laws into federal law

The process of amending the Bill of Rights to include additional rights

Plessy v Ferguson (1896)

Roe v Wade (1973)

Marbury v Madison (1803)

Gitlow v New York (1925)

It required state law enforcement officers to obtain a federal warrant for searches and seizures.

It allowed states to enact laws that could override the protections offered by the Fourth Amendment.

It provided states with greater discretion in determining what constitutes as probable cause for searches.

It led to the exclusionary rule being applied to the states, disallowing illegally obtained evidence in court.

The First Amendment right to freedom of speech

The Eighth Amendment right against cruel and unusual punishment

The Sixth Amendment right to a trial by jury

The Fourth Amendment right against unreasonable searches and seizures

Selective incorporation

Federal preemption

Total incorporation

Judicial activism