Political Participation

Communitarianism

Neoliberalism

Social Democracy

Environmentalism

Patriot Act

Immigration and Nationality Act

Voting Rights Act

Civil Rights Act

Abolition of electoral college

Uniform increase in voter turnout

Limitation of voting rights

Expansion of suffrage to more demographic groups

Supreme Court decisions limiting the use of racial gerrymandering.

The Civil Rights Acts of the 1950s focusing on desegregation.

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 with its enforcement provisions.

Executive orders mandating affirmative action in employment.

They caused a temporary decrease as people adjusted to the new system.

They decreased them by making it more difficult for individuals without vehicles to register.

They caused no change because most people were already registered before they came into effect.

They increased them by making it more convenient to register.

To establish direct election of United States Senators by people.

To prohibit governments from denying a man's right to vote based on his race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

To lower the voting age for all federal and state elections from 21 to 18 years old.

To grant citizens of District of Columbia the right to vote in presidential elections.

A shift toward more progressive candidates due to mobilization efforts opposing these laws.

An increase in voter turnout due to enhanced public confidence in election security measures.

A decrease in turnout among populations less likely to possess valid identification, such as low-income and minority voters.

No significant change in turnout patterns or election outcomes attributable directly to these laws.

Voter suppression

Voter registration

Voter turnout

Voter apathy

Stable party affiliation over time

Increase in independent voters

Dramatic rise in third-party voters

Decrease in independent voters

Gerrymandering provides clearer policy platforms as districts become more ideologically homogeneous.

It increases voter turnout by creating more competitive elections within gerrymandered districts.

By manipulating district boundaries, it can distort electoral outcomes away from reflecting popular will.

Gerrymandering simplifies voter choice by reducing the number of candidates running for office.