Causes: Desire for land and resources, belief in private property. Effects: Loss of Native American sovereignty, military conflict, cultural disruption.

Causes: European exploration and colonization. Effects: Introduction of new crops and livestock, spread of diseases, demographic changes, and cultural exchange.

Causes: Desire for metal tools and firearms. Effects: Over-hunting, debt, loss of traditional skills, and increased vulnerability to European influence.

Causes: Spanish desire for labor in the Americas. Effects: Forced labor of Native Americans, exploitation, and population decline.

Causes: Moral and religious concerns, economic interests. Effects: Justifications for subjugation, attempts at conversion, and varying degrees of exploitation and protection.

Causes: European encroachment, military defeats, and unequal treaties. Effects: Disruption of political, economic, and religious autonomy.

Causes: Ecological changes, dependency on European goods. Effects: Over-hunting, debt, and a shift in the balance of power.

Causes: Desire to protect land, culture, and autonomy. Effects: Military conflicts, diplomatic negotiations, and varying degrees of success in preserving their way of life.

A business entity where different stocks can be bought and owned by shareholders. Jamestown was founded under the Virginia Company, a joint-stock company.

The transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, diseases, and ideas between the Americas, West Africa, and the Old World in the 15th and 16th centuries.

A Spanish labor system that rewarded conquerors with the labor of particular groups of subject people.

The ability of a group to maintain its distinct culture without external interference.

Believing in only one god.

Land owned by an individual or entity, rather than communally.

Supreme power or authority; the right to govern oneself.

A formal agreement between two or more entities, often nations.

Significant changes to the environment caused by human or natural factors.

The process by which different cultures share ideas and ways of doing things.

It marked the beginning of sustained European contact with the Americas, initiating a period of massive cultural and ecological transformation.

English settlers arrived in Jamestown, Virginia, establishing the first permanent English colony in North America.

A Spanish law that ended indigenous slavery and began to end the encomienda system, though mistreatment continued.

European diseases like smallpox, measles, and influenza caused massive population decline and disrupted Native American societies due to the natives' lack of immunity.

It disrupted Native American ways of life by altering the landscape and limiting access to resources.

It led to over-hunting, debt, and a shift in the balance of power, disadvantaging Native American communities.

Natives understood that wars would lead to a suspension of trade, influencing their decisions.

Tensions arose primarily over land, as English colonists wanted to expand while Native Americans sought to protect their territories.

The Columbian Exchange led to the widespread transfer of plants, animals, diseases, and cultures between the Americas, Europe, and Africa.

It disrupted Native American ways of life by altering the landscape and limiting access to resources.