All Flashcards
What was the significance of Columbus's voyage in 1492?
It marked the beginning of sustained European contact with the Americas, initiating a period of massive cultural and ecological transformation.
What happened in Jamestown in 1607?
English settlers arrived in Jamestown, Virginia, establishing the first permanent English colony in North America.
What was the New Law of 1542?
A Spanish law that ended indigenous slavery and began to end the encomienda system, though mistreatment continued.
What was the impact of European diseases on Native Americans?
European diseases like smallpox, measles, and influenza caused massive population decline and disrupted Native American societies due to the natives' lack of immunity.
What was the effect of English planters clearing forests and fencing fields?
It disrupted Native American ways of life by altering the landscape and limiting access to resources.
What was the long-term impact of Native Americans becoming dependent on European goods?
It led to over-hunting, debt, and a shift in the balance of power, disadvantaging Native American communities.
What was the effect of the trade suspension on Native Americans?
Natives understood that wars would lead to a suspension of trade, influencing their decisions.
What was the primary cause of tensions in Jamestown?
Tensions arose primarily over land, as English colonists wanted to expand while Native Americans sought to protect their territories.
What was the impact of the Columbian Exchange?
The Columbian Exchange led to the widespread transfer of plants, animals, diseases, and cultures between the Americas, Europe, and Africa.
What was the effect of the English planters clearing forests and fencing fields?
It disrupted Native American ways of life by altering the landscape and limiting access to resources.
Who was Bartolome de Las Casas?
A Spanish priest who advocated for better treatment of Native Americans and criticized the encomienda system.
Who were the Powhatan?
The primary Native American group in the region of Jamestown, Virginia, who had complex relationships with the English settlers.
What was the role of the Virginia Company?
A joint-stock company that financed and established the Jamestown colony in 1607.
Who was Columbus?
An Italian explorer whose voyages marked the beginning of sustained European contact with the Americas.
What were the causes and effects of European encroachment on Native American lands?
Causes: Desire for land and resources, belief in private property. Effects: Loss of Native American sovereignty, military conflict, cultural disruption.
What were the causes and effects of the Columbian Exchange?
Causes: European exploration and colonization. Effects: Introduction of new crops and livestock, spread of diseases, demographic changes, and cultural exchange.
What were the causes and effects of Native American dependency on European goods?
Causes: Desire for metal tools and firearms. Effects: Over-hunting, debt, loss of traditional skills, and increased vulnerability to European influence.
What were the causes and effects of the encomienda system?
Causes: Spanish desire for labor in the Americas. Effects: Forced labor of Native Americans, exploitation, and population decline.
What were the causes and effects of debates among Europeans regarding the treatment of non-Europeans?
Causes: Moral and religious concerns, economic interests. Effects: Justifications for subjugation, attempts at conversion, and varying degrees of exploitation and protection.
What were the causes and effects of the loss of Native American sovereignty?
Causes: European encroachment, military defeats, and unequal treaties. Effects: Disruption of political, economic, and religious autonomy.
What were the causes and effects of the shift in trade dynamics between Europeans and Native Americans?
Causes: Ecological changes, dependency on European goods. Effects: Over-hunting, debt, and a shift in the balance of power.
What were the causes and effects of Native American resistance to European encroachment?
Causes: Desire to protect land, culture, and autonomy. Effects: Military conflicts, diplomatic negotiations, and varying degrees of success in preserving their way of life.