Causes: Desire for land and resources, belief in private property. Effects: Loss of Native American sovereignty, military conflict, cultural disruption.

Causes: European exploration and colonization. Effects: Introduction of new crops and livestock, spread of diseases, demographic changes, and cultural exchange.

Causes: Desire for metal tools and firearms. Effects: Over-hunting, debt, loss of traditional skills, and increased vulnerability to European influence.

Causes: Spanish desire for labor in the Americas. Effects: Forced labor of Native Americans, exploitation, and population decline.

Causes: Moral and religious concerns, economic interests. Effects: Justifications for subjugation, attempts at conversion, and varying degrees of exploitation and protection.

Causes: European encroachment, military defeats, and unequal treaties. Effects: Disruption of political, economic, and religious autonomy.

Causes: Ecological changes, dependency on European goods. Effects: Over-hunting, debt, and a shift in the balance of power.

Causes: Desire to protect land, culture, and autonomy. Effects: Military conflicts, diplomatic negotiations, and varying degrees of success in preserving their way of life.

A Spanish priest who advocated for better treatment of Native Americans and criticized the encomienda system.

The primary Native American group in the region of Jamestown, Virginia, who had complex relationships with the English settlers.

A joint-stock company that financed and established the Jamestown colony in 1607.

An Italian explorer whose voyages marked the beginning of sustained European contact with the Americas.

A business entity where different stocks can be bought and owned by shareholders. Jamestown was founded under the Virginia Company, a joint-stock company.

The transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, diseases, and ideas between the Americas, West Africa, and the Old World in the 15th and 16th centuries.

A Spanish labor system that rewarded conquerors with the labor of particular groups of subject people.

The ability of a group to maintain its distinct culture without external interference.

Believing in only one god.

Land owned by an individual or entity, rather than communally.

Supreme power or authority; the right to govern oneself.

A formal agreement between two or more entities, often nations.

Significant changes to the environment caused by human or natural factors.

The process by which different cultures share ideas and ways of doing things.