Articles: Weak central government, states retained sovereignty. Constitution: Stronger federal government, divided powers, checks and balances.

Federalists: Supported the Constitution, strong central government. Anti-Federalists: Opposed the Constitution, favored states' rights, demanded a Bill of Rights.

Jay's Treaty: Controversial treaty with Britain, addressed some issues but seen as weak. Pinckney's Treaty: Successful treaty with Spain, granted US navigation rights on the Mississippi River.

Strict: Literal interpretation, limited federal power. Loose: Broad interpretation, expanded federal power (Hamilton).

First: Sought to address grievances with Britain. Second: Declared independence and formed a new government.

Hamilton: Federalist, strong central government, industrial economy. Jefferson: Anti-Federalist, states' rights, agrarian economy.

Sugar Act: Indirect tax on trade. Stamp Act: Direct tax on printed materials, sparking greater colonial outrage.

Loyalists: Supported the British crown. Patriots: Supported American independence.

American: Taxation without representation, British policies. French: Social inequality, economic hardship, Enlightenment ideals.

Federalists: Believed in a strong central government to maintain order and promote economic growth. Anti-Federalists: Feared a strong central government and advocated for states' rights to protect individual liberties.

'Common Sense': Swayed public opinion towards independence. Declaration: Officially declared independence and articulated the principles of self-government.

Albany Plan: Proposed colonial union before the Revolution, ultimately rejected. Articles of Confederation: First government of the US, characterized by a weak central authority.

Causes: Competition over Ohio Valley. Effects: British victory, increased debt, end of salutary neglect, increased tensions with colonies.

Causes: British need to raise revenue. Effects: Colonial protests, 'no taxation without representation' cry, boycotts, Stamp Act Congress.

Causes: Protest against the Tea Act. Effects: Intolerable Acts, increased colonial unity, move towards revolution.

Causes: Economic hardship among farmers. Effects: Highlighted the weakness of the Articles of Confederation, led to calls for a stronger national government.

Causes: French anger over Jay's Treaty. Effects: Quasi-War with France, increased anti-French sentiment in the US, Alien and Sedition Acts.

Causes: Fear of foreign influence and criticism of the government. Effects: Limited free speech, increased political divisions, backlash against the Federalist Party.

Causes: Taxation without representation, Enlightenment ideals, British policies. Effects: US independence, creation of a new republic, westward expansion.

Causes: Opposition to Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey. Effects: Demonstrated the power of the federal government under the Constitution, solidified Federalist authority.

Causes: Social and political inequality, Enlightenment ideals. Effects: Overthrow of the French monarchy, Reign of Terror, Napoleonic Wars, debates over US foreign policy.

Causes: British desire to prevent conflict with Native Americans after the French and Indian War. Effects: Angered colonists who wanted to settle west, increased tensions with Britain.

Causes: British need for revenue. Effects: Colonial boycotts, increased tensions, eventual repeal (except for the tea tax).

Causes: British attempt to help the East India Company. Effects: Boston Tea Party, Intolerable Acts.

A Founding Father, inventor, and diplomat who proposed the Albany Plan and helped secure French support during the Revolution.

Commander of the Continental Army and first President of the United States, providing crucial leadership during the Revolution and early republic.

Author of 'Common Sense,' which advocated for American independence and swayed public opinion.

A Founding Father, second President, and leading advocate for independence, though his presidency was marked by controversy (Alien and Sedition Acts).

Author of the Declaration of Independence, third President, and advocate for states' rights and strict interpretation of the Constitution.

First Secretary of the Treasury, proponent of a strong central government, and architect of the national financial system.

The 'Father of the Constitution,' a key figure in drafting the document and the Bill of Rights, and fourth President of the United States.

A Founding Father, organizer of the Boston Tea Party, and leader of the Sons of Liberty.

British Secretary of State during the French and Indian War, he shifted the war effort and secured British victory.

British commander during the American Revolutionary War.

Prussian military officer who trained the Continental Army at Valley Forge, improving its discipline and effectiveness.

English philosopher whose ideas on natural rights and government influenced the Declaration of Independence.