Taxes on imported goods, used to generate revenue and protect domestic industries.

The act of forcibly enlisting people into military service, often used by the British against American sailors.

A policy of not supporting or helping either side in a conflict or disagreement.

The idea that a state can declare a federal law unconstitutional and refuse to enforce it.

Conduct or speech inciting people to rebel against the authority of a state or monarch.

A body of advisors to the president, composed of the heads of the executive departments of the government.

The federal government taking on the debts of the states.

The rights and powers held by individual US states rather than by the federal government.

A group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government.

Paying back debts at their original value, regardless of market fluctuations.

1791. It guarantees individual liberties.

Established the structure of the Supreme Court and lower federal courts.

A 1794 uprising by farmers in western Pennsylvania protesting the whiskey tax; suppressed by Washington.

Issued by Washington in 1793 to keep the US out of the war between Britain and France.

A 1794 treaty with Britain that resolved some issues but was highly controversial in the US.

Delivered in 1796, it warned against foreign alliances and political parties.

A 1797 incident where French diplomats demanded bribes from American diplomats, leading to the Quasi-War.

Federalist-backed laws passed in 1798 to suppress political opposition, particularly from Democratic-Republicans.

Statements arguing for state nullification of federal laws, written by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts.

An undeclared naval war fought between the United States and France from 1798 to 1800.

Causes: US needed to stabilize its economy and strengthen the federal government. Effects: Creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts, and political divisions.

Cause: Farmers protested the whiskey tax. Effect: Showed the federal government's power and led to political divisions.

Cause: War between Britain and France. Effect: Kept the US out of the war, allowing it time to stabilize.

Cause: British presence along the northern border and impressment of American sailors. Effect: Further divided political parties in America.

Cause: France was upset about Jay's Treaty. Effect: Quasi-War with France.

Cause: Federalist desire to suppress political opposition. Effect: Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, increased political tension.

Disagreements over Hamilton's financial plan, foreign policy (French Revolution), and the extent of federal power.

Cause: Washington's concern for the nation's future. Effect: Established the two-term tradition and warned against foreign alliances and political parties.

The XYZ Affair and French anger over Jay's Treaty.

Cause: Anti-Federalist demand for protection of individual liberties. Effect: Ratification of the Constitution and guarantee of fundamental rights.