An American writer who created a uniquely American literary style.

An American writer who created a uniquely American literary style.

A painter who founded the Hudson River School, focusing on American landscapes.

A painter who founded the Hudson River School, focusing on American landscapes.

A key figure in Transcendentalism who wrote extensively on the movement and championed individual intuition.

A key figure in Transcendentalism who advocated for simplicity, self-sufficiency, and civil disobedience.

The founder of the Shakers, believed to be the feminine incarnation of Christ.

An American poet during the Romanticism era.

An American poet during the Romanticism era.

An American architect who developed a distinct American style.

The policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants.

A philosophical movement emphasizing intuition, spirituality, individualism, and connection to nature.

A movement emphasizing emotion, imagination, and the beauty of nature.

The concept of creating ideal communities by withdrawing from conventional society.

An American art movement that focused on painting the American landscape.

The refusal to comply with certain laws or to pay taxes and fines, as a peaceful form of political protest.

Reliance on one's own powers and resources rather than those of others.

A secret anti-immigrant society formed in the 1840s.

The ability to understand something immediately, without the need for conscious reasoning.

The habit or principle of being independent and self-reliant.

Cause: Potato famine. Effects: Poverty, migration, competition for low-paying jobs, involvement in local politics.

Cause: Economic hardship and failed democratic revolutions. Effects: Migration, westward expansion, support for public education, nativist sentiments.

Cause: Fear of job loss and cultural change due to immigration. Effects: Discrimination, anti-immigrant societies, distrust of Catholic immigrants.

Cause: European ideas of democracy, individual rights, and equality. Effects: Emphasis on emotion, imagination, and the beauty of nature in art and literature.

Cause: Desire to find truth within oneself and nature. Effects: Emphasis on intuition, spirituality, individualism, and self-reliance.

Cause: Desire to create ideal communities by withdrawing from conventional society. Effects: Communal living experiments, unique beliefs and practices, eventual decline.

Cause: Desire for land and economic opportunities. Effects: Inspired artists to capture the beauty and power of nature, sometimes with a hint of fear.

Cause: European ideas of democracy, individual rights, and equality. Effects: American writers began to reflect these values in their work.

Cause: Desire to create an ideal community based on sexual equality, communal ownership, and strict celibacy. Effects: Ritual dances, separation of men and women, forbidding of marriage, eventual decline.

Cause: Protest against unjust laws. Effects: Inspired future movements of nonviolent resistance.