Cause: People wanted a say in government and churches. Effect: Ministers needed to connect with people on a personal level.

Cause: Emphasis on personal responsibility and free will. Effect: Challenged traditional ideas like original sin and predestination.

Cause: Work became less personal. Effect: People sought emotional connections in their faith.

Cause: Belief that sin was a choice. Effect: Departure from Calvinism and empowerment of individuals.

Cause: Religious fervor and belief in personal responsibility. Effect: Movements like abolition and temperance gained momentum.

Cause: Desire to reach remote areas. Effect: Spread of Methodism and increased religious participation on the frontier.

Cause: Difficulty having regular churches in the South. Effect: Emotional outdoor religious events that fostered community and conversion.

Cause: Desire to restore pure religion. Effect: Publication of the Book of Mormon and founding of Mormonism.

Cause: Religious differences and controversial practices like polygamy. Effect: Migration westward and establishment of a new home in the Great Salt Lake Valley.

Cause: The growth of Baptists and Methodists. Effect: Decline in membership for older denominations like Congregationalists and Presbyterians.

A religious revival in the early 1800s that reshaped American society, politics, and culture.

The idea that humans are inherently flawed due to Adam and Eve's actions.

The belief that God has already decided who will be saved and who will be damned.

Methodist preachers who traveled from town to town, holding revivals.

Emotional outdoor religious events, common among Baptists and Methodists.

A scripture about a community of Jews who came to America before Christ, central to Mormonism.

The belief that sin was a choice, not a predetermined fate, and everyone has the power to be free of sin.

All-night or multi-day religious services used during the Second Great Awakening.

A special place for those considering conversion to receive attention during revivals.

Joseph Smith's aim to restore the original Christian faith in America and establish a western Zion.

The Second Great Awakening sparked major social reforms, unlike the First Great Awakening.

Calvinism emphasized predestination, while Finney emphasized free will.

Both used emotional appeals, but Methodists relied on circuit riders while Baptists often organized camp meetings.

Before: Established churches dominated. After: Rise of new denominations and a shift towards more emotional religious experiences.

Before: Limited participation. During: Played a key role in converting families and communities.

Before: More acceptance. After: Increased opposition and the rise of abolitionist movements.

Before: More on doctrine. During: More on personal experience and social reform.

First: Led to the creation of some colleges. Second: Led to more widespread educational growth and literacy.

First: Primarily in the colonies. Second: Spread across the expanding United States, particularly in the South and on the frontier.

Before: Less direct connection. During: Stronger link, with religious groups actively leading social reform movements.