Young, single women employed in textile mills in Lowell, Massachusetts, who faced strict discipline and long hours.

Causes: New technologies, transportation improvements. Effects: Increased productivity, urbanization, social changes, expansion of slavery.

Causes: Job opportunities, perceived better living conditions. Effects: Overcrowding, disease, poverty, rise of middle class.

Causes: Changing economic roles, societal expectations. Effects: Limited opportunities for women, gender divide, focus on domestic roles.

Causes: Industrialization, inequality. Effects: Justification for inequality, opposition to social welfare, discrimination.

Causes: Economic opportunities, political instability in Europe. Effects: Increased competition for jobs, nativism, cultural diversity.

Causes: Growth of the cotton industry, demand for cheap labor. Effects: Increased sectional tensions, economic dependence on slavery, Civil War.

Causes: Poor working conditions, low wages. Effects: Improved worker rights, strikes, collective bargaining.

Causes: Need for efficient movement of goods and people. Effects: Economic growth, expanded markets, increased urbanization.

Causes: New technologies, increased productivity. Effects: Economic specialization, interdependence, consumer culture.

Causes: Demand for textile production, availability of young female labor. Effects: Employment opportunities for women, strict working conditions, labor activism.

A period of economic expansion and growth in the U.S. during the early 19th century, marked by new technologies, increased productivity, and the transformation of the economy from agrarian to industrial.

A factory system in Lowell, Massachusetts, that employed young, single women in textile mills with strict discipline and long working hours.

The ability of individuals to move up or down the social and economic ladder, affected by the Market Revolution.

Those who opposed immigration, believing that immigrants were a threat to American culture and values. They advocated for stricter immigration laws and regulations.

Societal expectation that women should prioritize their roles as wives and mothers and focus on domestic duties.

Belief that society should allow the strongest to rise to the top, while the weaker should fail, used to justify inequality.

A system where workers are paid a fixed amount for their labor, rather than producing goods for themselves.

Organizations of workers who come together to achieve common goals such as protecting the integrity of its trade, improving safety standards, and attaining better wages, benefits (such as vacation, health care, and retirement), and working conditions through the increased bargaining power afforded by solidarity among workers.

Agricultural production for sale, rather than for personal consumption.

The process of population shift from rural to urban areas, the corresponding increase in the size of cities, and the societal changes accompanying this growth.