The period after the Civil War focused on rebuilding the United States and reintegrating the South.

Restrictive laws passed in the South after the Civil War to limit the freedom and rights of African Americans.

A federal agency created in 1865 to aid formerly enslaved people and poor whites in the South after the Civil War.

The initial approach to Reconstruction led by Presidents Lincoln and Johnson, emphasizing leniency towards the South.

The later phase of Reconstruction led by Radical Republicans in Congress, focused on protecting Black rights and punishing the South.

Lincoln's plan for Reconstruction, allowing a state to rejoin the Union when 10% of its voters swore allegiance.

A bill proposed by Radical Republicans requiring 50% of voters to take a loyalty oath for a state to rejoin the Union.

A law passed by Congress limiting the president's power to remove officials without Senate approval.

The process by which a legislative body formally levels charges against a high official of government.

A faction of the Republican Party that advocated for strong measures to punish the South and protect the rights of African Americans.

President of the United States during the Civil War, he proposed the 10% Plan for Reconstruction.

President after Lincoln's assassination, his lenient Reconstruction policies were opposed by Congress.

The first African American congressmen during Reconstruction.

Secretary of War whose attempted firing by Johnson led to Johnson's impeachment.

As President (1869-1877), he supported Congressional Reconstruction and attempted to protect Black voting rights.

A group of Republicans in Congress who advocated for strong measures to punish the South and protect the rights of African Americans.

A leader of the Radical Republicans in the House of Representatives, advocating for Black rights and land redistribution.

A leader of the Radical Republicans in the Senate, advocating for Black rights and equality.

Northerners who moved to the South during Reconstruction, often seeking economic or political opportunities.

White Southerners who cooperated with Reconstruction governments.

Cause: Lincoln's lenient Reconstruction plan angered some. Effect: Andrew Johnson became president, leading to clashes with Congress.

Cause: Southern states wanted to maintain white supremacy. Effect: Restricted African Americans' rights and led to Congressional Reconstruction.

Cause: Johnson's opposition to Congressional Reconstruction. Effect: Weakened the presidency and strengthened Congressional control over Reconstruction.

Cause: Radical Republicans sought to protect Black rights. Effect: The South was divided into military districts, and states had to ratify the 14th Amendment.

Cause: To grant black men the right to vote. Effect: Increased black political participation, but faced resistance in the South.

Cause: Disputed presidential election of 1876. Effect: Withdrawal of federal troops from the South, effectively ending Reconstruction.

Cause: White Southerners resisted Reconstruction and black equality. Effect: Violence and intimidation against African Americans and their supporters.

Cause: To aid formerly enslaved people and poor whites in the South. Effect: Provided education, food, and medical care, but faced limited resources and opposition.

Cause: To counter the Black Codes and protect the rights of African Americans. Effect: Declared all people born in the US citizens, but was later challenged and reinforced by the 14th Amendment.

Cause: Economic downturn. Effect: Diverted attention from Reconstruction, weakening support for federal intervention in the South.