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What happened during the Second Industrial Revolution?
Massive industrial growth fueled by new technologies like steel, oil, and electricity (roughly 1871-1914).
What happened in 1869?
Completion of the Transcontinental Railroad, linking the East and West coasts of the United States.
What was the Pacific Railway Act (1862)?
Provided land grants and loans to the Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroads to build the Transcontinental Railroad.
What was the Credit Mobilier scandal?
A construction company overcharged for building the Union Pacific and bribed government officials, leading to political corruption.
What was the significance of Thomas Edison's lightbulb invention in 1879?
The invention of the practical incandescent light bulb in 1879 revolutionized lighting and paved the way for the widespread use of electricity.
What was the significance of building the first electric power station in 1882?
Edison built the first electric power station in 1882 establishing centralized power generation and distribution.
What was the effect of industrialization?
The US transitioned from an agrarian economy to an industrialized one, the rise of big business, growing inequality, the rise of the labor movement, and social reform.
What was the effect of the Transcontinental Railroad?
It dramatically reduced travel time and facilitated trade and commerce across the United States.
What was the effect of mass production?
Factories churned out goods like never before.
What was the effect of mechanization?
Machines took over many tasks, especially in food and clothing production.
Who was Andrew Carnegie?
King of Steel, known for efficiency and vertical integration. Founded US Steel Corporation.
Who was John D. Rockefeller?
Oil Tycoon, known for eliminating competition through horizontal integration and the Standard Oil Trust.
Who was Thomas Edison?
Inventor of the practical incandescent light bulb and builder of the first electric power station.
Who primarily built the Central Pacific Railroad?
Chinese immigrants, often called "coolies," faced harsh conditions.
Who primarily built the Union Pacific Railroad?
Irish immigrants.
What were the causes and effects of rapid industrialization?
Causes: New technologies, access to resources. Effects: Economic growth, rise of big business, social inequality, labor movement.
What were the causes and effects of the Transcontinental Railroad?
Causes: Desire to connect East and West, government support. Effects: Facilitated trade, reduced travel time, increased settlement, impacted Native Americans.
What were the causes and effects of the Credit Mobilier scandal?
Causes: Desire for profit, weak government oversight. Effects: Political corruption, damaged reputations of officials.
What were the causes and effects of vertical integration?
Causes: Desire to control costs and increase efficiency. Effects: Monopolies, reduced competition, increased profits for industrialists.
What were the causes and effects of horizontal integration?
Causes: Desire to eliminate competition and control the market. Effects: Monopolies, higher prices for consumers, increased power for industrialists.
What were the causes and effects of government subsidies to railroads?
Causes: Desire to promote economic growth and connect the country. Effects: Rapid railroad construction, economic development, potential for corruption.
What were the causes and effects of the Second Industrial Revolution?
Causes: New technologies, availability of resources, entrepreneurial spirit. Effects: Mass production, consumer culture, urbanization, increased social inequality.
What were the causes and effects of poor working conditions during the Gilded Age?
Causes: Focus on profit, lack of government regulation. Effects: Rise of labor unions, strikes, social unrest.
What were the causes and effects of Chinese immigration during the Gilded Age?
Causes: Economic opportunities, escape from poverty and unrest in China. Effects: Labor for railroad construction, nativism, discrimination.
What were the causes and effects of the rise of big business?
Causes: Industrialization, new technologies, laissez-faire policies. Effects: Economic growth, monopolies, wealth concentration, social inequality.