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What is the First Red Scare?
A period of intense anti-communist and anti-anarchist fear in the US after WWI.
What is nativism?
Anti-immigrant sentiment, favoring native-born inhabitants over immigrants.
What were the Palmer Raids?
Government crackdowns on suspected radicals during the First Red Scare.
What was the Emergency Quota Act?
A 1922 law that established numerical limits on immigration to the US.
What was the National Origins Act?
A 1924 law that made immigration quotas stricter and permanent, favoring immigrants from Northern and Western Europe.
What was the Asiatic Barred Zone?
A region defined in the Immigration Act of 1917 from which immigrants were largely excluded.
What was the purpose of the Chinese Exclusion Act?
A law passed in 1882 that barred Chinese laborers from immigrating to the United States.
What was the Gentlemen's Agreement?
An informal agreement between the United States and Japan in 1907 that limited Japanese immigration.
Define 'anarchist'.
A person who believes in or tries to bring about anarchy, a state of disorder due to absence of governmental control.
Define 'socialist'.
A person who advocates or practices socialism, a political and economic theory of social organization which advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.
What was the significance of the Anarchist bombings of 1919?
Triggered the First Red Scare and heightened fears of radicalism.
What was the impact of the Emergency Quota Act (1922)?
Established the first numerical limits on immigration to the US, favoring immigrants from Western Hemisphere countries.
What was the impact of the National Origins Act of 1924?
Made immigration quotas stricter and permanent, designed to limit immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe.
What was the significance of the Sacco & Vanzetti case?
Symbolized nativist injustice and bias against immigrants and radicals.
What was the impact of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882?
It severely restricted immigration from China, reflecting anti-Asian sentiment.
What was the impact of the Immigration Act of 1917?
It created the Asiatic Barred Zone, further restricting immigration from Asia.
What was the impact of the Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907?
It limited Japanese immigration to the United States.
What was the effect of post-WWI anxieties?
Fueled nativism and the First Red Scare, leading to restrictive immigration policies and crackdowns on suspected radicals.
What was the effect of mass immigration before and after WWI?
It led to increased nativism and calls for immigration restrictions.
What was the impact of the Palmer Raids?
Civil liberties were violated, and many were unjustly deported.
Who was A. Mitchell Palmer?
Attorney General who launched the Palmer Raids during the First Red Scare.
Who was J. Edgar Hoover?
Head of the newly formed FBI during the First Red Scare.
Who was Emma Goldman?
A prominent anarchist and labor activist targeted during the First Red Scare.
Who were Sacco and Vanzetti?
Italian anarchists convicted of murder in a controversial trial that became a symbol of nativist injustice.