Define Civil Disobedience.
The refusal to comply with certain laws or to pay taxes and fines, as a peaceful form of political protest.
Define Segregation.
The enforced separation of different racial groups in a country, community, or establishment.
Define Nonviolent Resistance.
The practice of achieving goals through symbolic protests, civil disobedience, economic or political noncooperation, without using violence.
What is 'Jim Crow'?
State and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States.
Define 'De facto' segregation.
Segregation that exists by practice and custom, rather than by law.
Define 'De jure' segregation.
Segregation that is imposed by law.
What is Affirmative Action?
Policies designed to redress past and present discrimination against members of a specific group by giving preferential consideration.
Define 'Black Power'.
A political movement advocating for racial pride, self-sufficiency, and equality for all people of Black and African descent.
What is the NAACP?
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, a civil rights organization founded in 1909.
Define 'Civil Rights'.
The rights of citizens to political and social freedom and equality.
Causes and effects of Brown v. Board?
Cause: Segregated schools. Effect: Declared segregation in public schools unconstitutional, leading to desegregation efforts.
Causes and effects of Montgomery Bus Boycott?
Cause: Rosa Parks' arrest for refusing to give up her seat. Effect: Desegregation of Montgomery buses and rise of MLK.
Causes and effects of the Civil Rights Act of 1964?
Cause: Decades of discrimination and activism. Effect: Outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.
Causes and effects of the Voting Rights Act of 1965?
Cause: Discriminatory voting practices. Effect: Outlawed literacy tests and other discriminatory voting practices, increasing Black voter registration.
Causes and effects of the assassination of MLK?
Cause: Racial tensions and opposition to Civil Rights. Effect: Widespread riots and grief, but also increased support for civil rights legislation.
Causes and effects of the Freedom Rides?
Cause: Resistance to desegregation of interstate travel. Effect: Increased awareness of segregation and federal intervention.
Causes and effects of the Selma to Montgomery marches?
Cause: Obstruction of voting rights for African Americans. Effect: Increased pressure on Congress to pass the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
Causes and effects of the Watts Riots?
Cause: Police brutality and racial inequality. Effect: Increased awareness of the issues facing African Americans in urban areas.
Causes and effects of the rise of the Black Panther Party?
Cause: Dissatisfaction with nonviolent methods and police brutality. Effect: Advocated for self-defense and community empowerment.
Causes and effects of Affirmative Action policies?
Cause: To redress past and present discrimination. Effect: Increased opportunities for underrepresented groups, but also controversy over fairness.
Who was Martin Luther King Jr.?
A leader in the Civil Rights Movement advocating nonviolent civil disobedience.
Who was Rosa Parks?
Civil rights activist whose refusal to give up her seat on a bus sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
Who was Malcolm X?
An African American Muslim minister and human rights activist, advocating for Black empowerment.
Who was Thurgood Marshall?
First African American Supreme Court Justice and lawyer for the NAACP in Brown v. Board of Education.
Who was Medgar Evers?
Civil rights activist who served as the NAACP's first field secretary in Mississippi.
Who was Stokely Carmichael?
A prominent figure in the Civil Rights Movement and the Black Power movement.
Who was John Lewis?
A leader in the Civil Rights Movement and later a U.S. Congressman.
Who was Fannie Lou Hamer?
A voting rights activist and civil rights leader.
Who was Huey P. Newton?
Co-founder of the Black Panther Party.
Who was Bobby Seale?
Co-founder of the Black Panther Party.
