A major economic downturn lasting from 2007 to 2009 caused by the collapse of the housing market and the financial crisis.

A tax reform bill passed in the US in 2017 that significantly lowered corporate and individual income taxes.

A global pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus that began in 2020, leading to widespread economic disruption and loss of life.

A proposed trade agreement between the US and 11 other countries in the Asia-Pacific region, from which the US withdrew in 2017.

It moved much of the country to the conservative right.

The US economy moved to a post-industrial basis, focusing more on service-sector and high-tech jobs.

Led to a more diverse population and has contributed to the growth of the Hispanic and Asian American populations.

Contributed to the aging of the population and has led to a shift in the age structure of the population.

Contributed to changes in the demographics of the population.

Contributed to the aging of the population and has led to a shift in the age structure of the population.

A region in the Northeastern and Midwestern US that experienced industrial decline starting in the late 20th century.

A period of conservative resurgence in the US during the 1980s under President Ronald Reagan.

A series of programs and reforms enacted in the US during the 1930s in response to the Great Depression.

A set of domestic programs launched by President Lyndon B. Johnson in the 1960s to eliminate poverty and racial injustice.

A region in the Southern and Southwestern US that experienced significant population and economic growth starting in the mid-20th century.

The central banking system of the United States.

The divergence of political attitudes toward ideological extremes.

A monetary policy in which a central bank purchases government securities or other securities from the market in order to lower interest rates and increase the money supply.

An economy that is based on services and technology rather than manufacturing.

The increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of countries through trade, investment, migration, and cultural exchange.

Causes: Collapse of the housing market and financial crisis. Effects: High unemployment and slowed economic growth.

Cause: Spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Effects: Business shutdowns, job losses, and slowed economic growth.

Cause: Desire to stimulate economic growth. Effects: Lowered corporate and individual income taxes, debates over income inequality.

Cause: Desire to protect American jobs. Effects: Debates over increased prices and reduced access to global markets.

Causes: Economic opportunities, political instability in home countries. Effects: Increased diversity, demographic shifts, and debates over assimilation.

Causes: Technological advancements, increased internet access. Effects: Echo chambers, easier access to information, increased political polarization.

Causes: immigration, changes in birth rates, changes in family structure, changes in life expectancy, and changes in geographic mobility. Effects: a more diverse and urbanized population.

Causes: warmer climate, job opportunities, lower cost of living. Effects: population growth in the South and West, decline in the Midwest.

Causes: role of social media, political parties, media, campaign finance, and demographic changes. Effects: Americans feeling increasingly divided along political lines.