Interactions North America, 1491–1607

Influenced the early establishment of transatlantic trade networks by Native Americans.

Inspired the establishment of complex urban centers among later Native American societies.

Led to a decrease in indigenous agricultural innovation over time.

Prompted a widespread shift towards decentralized governance among Native American tribes.

Basket weaving

Pottery making

Snow goggles

Bow and arrow

Ceremonial gatherings centered around agricultural cycles

Universal conscription into military service modeled ancient Rome

Adoption imperial bureaucracies modeled after Asian dynasties

Adoption strict caste systems emulating South Asian traditions

Northeast

Southeast

Pacific Northwest

Great Plains

Response to restrictions on indigenous practices by colonial governments

Participation in a potlatch ceremony

The introduction of European goods through trade

Negotiations with European settlers over land rights

Declined matrilineal kinship patterns due to shift toward patrilocal residence associated with hunting activities.

Strengthened ceremonial importance of tobacco as a sole tradable commodity in absence of crop surpluses.

Elevated status of warrior classes due to sharpened competition over limited terrestrial resources.

Increased specialization in maritime technology and navigation skills over land-based farming knowledge.

The Native American societies would have easily resisted European colonization.

Smaller Native American societies may have struggled to resist European contact and colonization.

North America would have remained undiscovered by Europeans.

There would be no significant impact on the history of pre-European America.

The Nez Perce and Shoshone

There were no tribes present there because of the harsh conditions.

The Eskimo and Cree

The Navajo and Apache

A decrease in Spanish migration to the New World due to labor shortages.

The forced labor and mistreatment of Native American peoples.

The establishment of representative assemblies among indigenous communities.

An alliance between different Native American tribes against colonizers.

Mobilization against transatlantic slave trade by indigenous communities

Adaptation to changes brought by global industrial growth

Efforts to preserve cultural identity amidst colonial incursions

Responses to territorial divisions established at the Berlin Conference