Conflict and American Independence, 1754–1800

To signify the centralization of political power in federal hands

To represent the new nation's commitment to democracy and unity

To honor victories in the American Revolutionary War

To showcase America's architectural ambition and cultural heritage

Tsunamis

Earthquakes

Dust storms

Volcanic eruptions

Samuel Adams

Thomas Paine

Benjamin Franklin

John Locke

Agriculture

Transportation

Textiles

Education

The Anglican Church and the Congregational Church; South, New York, New England

Jewish congregations and Baptist Churches; Rural areas, New England

The Lutheran Church and Quaker movement; Charleston, Appalachian Mountains

The Catholic Church and Baptist Church; Philadelphia, Boston

Thomas Paine

Alexander Hamilton

John Jay

George Washington

The Supreme Court would strengthen its role as the arbiter of constitutional conflicts, defining the scope of each branch's authority.

The balance of power between branches would shift towards the legislative branch, providing Congress with the ability to directly challenge presidential actions.

The Presidency would incrementally lose influence in foreign affairs, relying heavily on Senate approval for treaties and negotiations.

Executive orders usage would dramatically increase as presidents attempt to assert control, bypassing potential legislative vetoes.

Britain's mercantilist policies that favored British economic interests over colonial prosperity led to colonial discontent.

Colonies’ frustration over their exclusion from international trade markets, which they sought to enter independently.

A desire for economic independence as colonies were self-sufficient and did not rely on British support.

The increase in smuggling activities by colonists seeking to avoid British taxes and trade restrictions.

Canals

Railroads

Steamboats

Highways

Free-trade agreements with foreign nations

The power balance between federal government and individual states

Legalizing child labor

Women's suffrage issues