Conflict and American Independence, 1754–1800

Laissez-faire capitalism

Protectionism

Free trade agreements

Mercantilism

Colonial boycotts on British goods reinforced by non-importation agreements fostered unique cultural identities but diminished transatlantic trade impact.

The imposition of taxes following the Seven Years' War spurred colonial assemblies’ protests and grassroots movements such as the Sons of Liberty.

The passage of currency acts stabilized colonial economies which decreased political discord but led to increased social stratification within colonies.

Expansion into western territories heightened conflicts with Native Americans prompting parliamentary debate and frontier communities' self-defense strategies.

The demographic impact of European diseases on Native communities

British enforcement of territorial limits set by the Proclamation Line of 1763

Influence from European religious missions established within Iroquois lands

The Iroquois Confederacy's tradition of neutrality in conflicts involving European powers

Treaty Of Tordesillas (1494)

Treaty of Paris (1783)

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

Treaty Of Versailles (1919)

His vision favored federal authority over states' rights, contrasting earlier colonial resistance against centralized British rule

He sought full reconciliation with Britain, undermining revolutionary calls for complete separation from British influence

Hamilton pushed for universal suffrage, going against Patriot leaders who supported limited voting rights based on property ownership

The push towards agriculture self-sufficiency went against mercantile practices embraced before hostilities erupted

He retired due to declining health, making it impossible for him to fulfill the duties of the presidency effectively.

It was a strategic move to maintain his reputation and avoid potential political conflicts that could tarnish his legacy.

Washington wanted to set an example of democratic leadership by stepping down voluntarily from power.

He was disillusioned with politics and desired a return to his personal life and management of Mount Vernon.

A notable shift away from naval battles to land-based military strategies.

Increasing reliance on economic measures over direct military confrontation by nations.

Rising instances of colonial rebellions seeking independence from European control.

The emergence of complex, multi-front conflicts involving major European powers and their colonies.

Battle of Saratoga

Battle of Yorktown

Battle of Trenton

Battle of Monmouth

Diplomatic efforts shaping colonial military compositions

Varied regional economic and social structures in the colonies

Adoption of European military strategies by American forces

British taxation policies directly influencing colonial military recruitment

For the immediate granting of citizenship rights to African Americans.

As incentives for African Americans to engage in military support during conflicts.

To ensure equal pay within the military for African American soldiers.

As a means to officially desegregate all public and military spaces.