American Expansion, 1800–1848

They led campaigns for secular education that reduced church influence on public schooling.

Their leaders served as primary advocates for women’s suffrage movements in southern states.

They grew rapidly among both white and enslaved populations, emphasizing personal salvation over formal theology.

They promoted industrial development by encouraging investment into factories rather than agriculture.

Improved transportation technology.

The end of slavery.

The arrival of new immigrants.

The invention of the cotton gin.

Expansion of slavery to meet growing labor demands for cotton production.

Development of industrialization in Southern cities similar to the North.

Reduction in European immigration due to lack of economic opportunities.

The establishment of a stronger Native American coalition against westward expansion.

Sherman Antitrust Act

Dawes Act

Indian Removal Act

Homestead Act

The Piedmont

Appalachia

The Delta

The Lowland

It led to rapid industrialization in South.

It decreased the need for slaves.

It led to an over-reliance on a single-crop economy.

It diversified the Southern economy.

Federal laws should be decided through a direct vote by citizens rather than by representatives.

States had the right to nullify federal laws they deemed unconstitutional within their borders.

Tariffs were necessary to fund improvements in infrastructure across all states equally.

The Supreme Court should have ultimate authority over state legislatures in matters of tariffs and trade.

Plantation elites didn't participate in farming while small farmers did most labor themselves.

Small farmers owned few or no slaves and lived on less fertile lands than plantation elites.

Small farmers focused on industrial production while plantations were for agricultural use only.

Small farmers were primarily found in urban areas whereas plantation owners resided in rural regions.

The persistent profitability and expansion of cash crop cultivation reinforced agricultural priorities over industry.

Legislative reforms promoted equal land distribution, leading to a rise in small-scale farming that competed with large plantations.

Technological advancements reduced agricultural labor needs, shifting focus toward urban growth and manufacturing sectors.

Increased immigration provided ample industrial labor reducing agriculture's centrality to Southern life.

Abolitionist movements

Expansion of cotton cultivation

Spread of factories

Foreign immigration