Cause: British attempts to exert more control over the Ashanti kingdom. Effect: While the Ashanti were defeated, the war became a symbol of resistance to British rule.

Cause: Indigenous grievances against Spanish colonial exploitation and oppression. Effect: The rebellion was suppressed, but it inspired later movements for indigenous rights in South America.

Cause: Resentment of British rule, cultural insensitivity (e.g., the greased cartridges). Effect: The British government took direct control of India, ending the rule of the British East India Company.

Cause: Native American desire to restore their traditional ways of life and resist US expansion. Effect: The movement was suppressed by the US government, culminating in the Wounded Knee Massacre.

Cause: Belief that killing cattle would bring back ancestors and restore the land. Effect: Widespread famine and death among the Xhosa people, weakening their ability to resist colonial rule.

Cause: Sudanese desire to resist Ottoman-Egyptian rule and establish an Islamic state. Effect: The Mahdist state was eventually defeated by the British, but it demonstrated the strength of religious resistance to imperialism.

Cause: Imperial powers seizing traditional lands for their own use or for settlers. Effect: Displacement of indigenous populations and loss of traditional ways of life.

Cause: Imperial powers taking natural resources without regard for the welfare of native peoples or the environment. Effect: Environmental degradation and economic exploitation of indigenous populations.

Cause: Imperial powers trying to impose their own culture and religion. Effect: Loss of cultural identity and religious practices among indigenous peoples.

Cause: Indigenous peoples forced to work for low or no wages in European-owned industries. Effect: Poverty, dependence on imperial powers, and disruption of traditional economies.

An armed conflict (1900-1901) in which the Ashanti people, led by Queen Mother Yaa Asantewaa, fought against British colonialism in what is now Ghana.

A rebellion in 1780 led by indigenous leader Tupac Amaru II against the Spanish colonial government in Peru.

A rebellion against the British East India Company by Indian soldiers (sepoys) and civilians, leading to significant changes in British governance of India.

A late 19th-century religious movement among Native American tribes based on the belief that performing the dance would restore the land and bring back ancestors.

A late 19th-century religious movement among the Xhosa people in southern Africa based on the belief that killing cattle and destroying crops would bring back ancestors and restore the land.

A series of conflicts (1881-1899) in Sudan where Mahdist forces, led by Muhammad Ahmad, fought against the Ottoman and British Empires.

Forced removal of the Cherokee Nation from their lands in the Southeastern United States.

Meeting of European powers in 1884-1885 to regulate colonization and trade in Africa.

Another name for the Indian Rebellion of 1857, sparked by controversial rifle cartridges.

Conflicts in South Africa between the British Empire and the Boers (Dutch settlers) over control of territory and resources.

Both were armed resistances against British imperialism, but the Yaa Asantewaa War was a more localized conflict while the Indian Rebellion was a widespread uprising with diverse causes.

Both were religious movements aimed at restoring traditional ways of life, but the Ghost Dance was a more passive resistance while the Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement led to self-inflicted devastation.

Political nationalism focuses on achieving self-government and independence, while cultural nationalism focuses on preserving and promoting cultural heritage.

Economic nationalism focuses on economic self-sufficiency, while social nationalism focuses on social and political equality.

Non-violent nationalism seeks independence through peaceful means, while armed nationalism uses armed resistance.

Both were powerful states formed in Africa during the 19th century, but the Sokoto Caliphate was an Islamic state formed through jihad, while the Zulu Kingdom was a centralized state known for its military prowess.

In India, the British East India Company initially controlled the region, while in Africa, direct colonial rule was more common. Both regions experienced economic exploitation and cultural suppression.

French aimed to assimilate colonized people into French culture, while British often used indirect rule through local leaders, but both led to loss of indigenous autonomy.

The Indian National Congress aimed for self-rule within India, while the Pan-African Movement sought unity and liberation for all people of African descent.

China faced internal instability and foreign intervention, while Japan modernized and industrialized to resist imperialism.