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Who was Queen Idia?
First iyoba (queen mother) of Benin; political advisor to her son, Oba Esigie; used spiritual power in warfare.
Who was Queen Njinga?
Queen of Ndongo and Matamba; resisted Portuguese colonization for 30 years through guerilla warfare; engaged in diplomacy.
What was FESTAC 77?
Second World Black Festival of Arts and Culture, where Queen Idia's mask was a symbol.
What was Queen Njinga's resistance?
30 years of guerilla warfare against the Portuguese to maintain sovereignty.
What is the significance of Queen Idia's mask?
Symbol of Black women's leadership, power, and beauty; adopted by FESTAC.