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Who was Queen Idia?
First iyoba (queen mother) in Benin; political advisor and spiritual leader.
Who was Queen Njinga?
Queen of Ndongo and Matamba; resisted Portuguese colonization through guerilla warfare.
Define extended kinship ties.
Super-sized family including everyone related by blood or marriage; held early West and Central African societies together.
What is an 'iyoba'?
Queen Mother in the Kingdom of Benin.
Define guerilla warfare.
Military tactics using hit-and-run strategies.
Compare Idia's and Njinga's leadership.
Idia: Spiritual power, medicinal knowledge. Njinga: Guerilla warfare, political alliances.