Who was Queen Idia?
First *iyoba* (queen mother) in Benin; political advisor and spiritual leader.
Who was Queen Njinga?
Queen of Ndongo and Matamba; resisted Portuguese colonization through guerilla warfare.
Compare Idia's and Njinga's leadership.
Idia: Spiritual power, medicinal knowledge. Njinga: Guerilla warfare, political alliances.
Who was Queen Idia?
First iyoba (queen mother) of Benin; political advisor to her son, Oba Esigie; used spiritual power in warfare.
Who was Queen Njinga?
Queen of Ndongo and Matamba; resisted Portuguese colonization for 30 years through guerilla warfare; engaged in diplomacy.
