Cause: Desire to challenge racist stereotypes and assert Black identity. Effect: Increased racial pride, cultural production, and groundwork for future movements.

Cause: Systemic biases in the education system. Effect: Perpetuation of racial inequality and internalized racism.

Cause: Racial discrimination, violence, and limited economic opportunities in the South. Effect: Increase in Black populations in northern cities, contributing to the Harlem Renaissance.

Cause: Economic demand for labor in agriculture. Effect: Forced labor, dehumanization, and long-lasting racial inequality.

Cause: Racial prejudice and discriminatory laws. Effect: Limited access to resources, unequal opportunities, and social injustice.

Cause: Systemic racial discrimination and denial of basic rights. Effect: Legal and social changes, including desegregation and voting rights protections.

Cause: Frustration with the slow pace of civil rights reforms and persistent racial inequality. Effect: Increased Black pride, self-determination, and advocacy for Black community control.

Cause: Discriminatory housing policies. Effect: Limited access to homeownership and wealth-building opportunities for Black families.

Cause: Political and social concerns about drug use. Effect: Disproportionate incarceration rates for Black individuals.

Cause: Unequal access to technology and internet. Effect: Limited access to information, education, and economic opportunities for marginalized communities.

New Negro Movement: Focused on cultural and intellectual empowerment, challenging stereotypes. | Civil Rights Movement: Focused on legal and political equality, challenging segregation and discrimination.

Assimilation: Integrating into the dominant culture, potentially losing distinct cultural identity. | Cultural Pride: Celebrating and preserving African American culture, fostering a sense of identity and community.

Black History Month: To promote the study and celebration of African American history to the general public. | Journal of Negro History: To provide a scholarly platform for research and analysis of African American history and culture.

Eurocentric: Centers European history, culture, and perspectives. | Afrocentric: Centers African and African diasporic history, culture, and perspectives.

Harlem Renaissance: Occurred in the 1920s and 1930s, focused on artistic expression and cultural identity. | Black Arts Movement: Occurred in the 1960s and 1970s, focused on political activism and Black Power.

Integration: The act of uniting or bringing together, especially people of different races. | Segregation: The action or state of setting someone or something apart from other people or things or being set apart.

Activism: The policy or action of using vigorous campaigning to bring about political or social change. | Complacency: A feeling of smug or uncritical satisfaction with oneself or one's achievements.

Equality: The state of being equal, especially in status, rights, or opportunities. | Equity: The quality of being fair and impartial.

Knowledge: Facts, information, and skills acquired by a person through experience or education; the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject. | Ignorance: Lack of knowledge or information.

Racial Pride: A sense of self-respect and esteem associated with one's race. | Racial Shame: Feelings of embarrassment and humiliation associated with one's race.

Cause: Racial discrimination and economic hardship in the South. Effect: Growth of Black communities in the North and West, cultural and political changes.

Cause: Systemic racial discrimination and inequality. Effect: Landmark legislation, increased political participation, and social change.

Cause: The Great Migration and a growing sense of racial pride. Effect: Flourishing of Black art, literature, and music, challenging racial stereotypes.

Cause: Economic demand for labor in the Americas. Effect: Forced labor, dehumanization, and lasting racial inequality.

Cause: Efforts to maintain white supremacy after Reconstruction. Effect: Segregation, discrimination, and limited opportunities for African Americans.

Cause: Discriminatory housing policies. Effect: Limited access to homeownership and wealth-building opportunities for African Americans.

Cause: War on Drugs policies and racial bias in the criminal justice system. Effect: Disproportionate imprisonment of African Americans and devastating impact on communities.

Cause: The Great Depression. Effect: Government programs provided some relief but often excluded African Americans or reinforced racial inequality.

Cause: Frustration with the slow pace of civil rights reforms. Effect: Increased Black pride, self-determination, and advocacy for Black community control.

Cause: Supreme Court rulings and civil rights activism. Effect: Increased educational opportunities for some Black students but also resistance and re-segregation in many areas.