Cause: Racial violence, economic hardship in South. Effect: Transformation of American cities, new cultural hubs.

Cause: World Wars. Effect: Northern employers sought Black workers from the South.

Cause: Floods, droughts, boll weevil. Effect: Ruined crops and farms, poverty for Black families.

Cause: Racial Segregation. Effect: Violence, limited rights, hope for safety in the North.

Cause: Expansion of the railway system. Effect: Made travel easier for migrants.

Cause: Newspapers like The Chicago Defender. Effect: Spread information about jobs and encouraged migration.

Cause: Need to help migrants adjust to urban life. Effect: Provided housing, job training, and social services.

Cause: Southern employers tried to stop migration. Effect: Violence and fear for Black people trying to leave.

Cause: Migrants moving to cities. Effect: New skills, leisure activities, and community.

Cause: Migration and changing demographics. Effect: Increased tensions in both South and North.

An African American artist known for his Migration Series, which visually depicts the experiences of the Great Migration.

Cause: World Wars, Effect: Recruitment of Black workers from the South.

Cause: Floods, droughts, boll weevil, Effect: Displacement and poverty for Black farmers.

Cause: Jim Crow laws, lynchings, Effect: Migration to the North for safety.

Cause: Industrialization, Effect: Easier travel for migrants to the North.

Cause: Black newspapers like The Chicago Defender, Effect: Encouraged migration and provided information about job opportunities.

Cause: African Americans leaving the South, Effect: Resistance to migration and attempts to keep cheap labor.

Cause: African Americans leaving the South, Effect: Connected Black communities across the country and fostered a sense of shared identity.

Cause: African Americans moving to cities, Effect: Growth of vibrant Black cultural centers and increased racial tensions.

Cause: African Americans moving to cities, Effect: Formation of the National Urban League to help Black migrants adjust to urban life.

Cause: Push factors (racial violence, lack of opportunity), Effect: Loss of labor, economic disruption, demographic shift.