Roughly from the 1910s to the 1970s, spanning several decades.

Created labor shortages in northern factories, leading to recruitment of Black workers from the South.

Similar to WWI, it created labor shortages in northern factories, further incentivizing migration.

Destroyed cotton crops, leading to economic hardship and pushing Black farmers off their land.

Southern employers resisted the migration to keep cheap labor, sometimes resorting to violence.

Black neighborhoods like Harlem and Bronzeville became vibrant cultural hubs.

The expansion of the railway system made travel easier for African Americans migrating North.

Migrants had to adapt to city life and learn new skills, shifting from agricultural work to urban jobs.

Increased in both the South (due to labor loss) and the North (due to increased competition for jobs and housing).

Provided support and resources to migrants in Northern cities, fostering a sense of community.

Largest internal migration in US history; 6 million African Americans moved from the South to the North, Midwest, and West.

Reasons that made African Americans want to leave the South (racial violence, limited economic opportunities, environmental issues).

Reasons that attracted African Americans to the North, Midwest, and West (job opportunities, higher wages, hope for safety).

An agricultural system where tenant farmers give a portion of their crops to the landowner as rent; kept Black families in debt.

State and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States.

Mob violence and racial terrorism used to intimidate and control African Americans.

An insect that destroyed cotton crops, a major source of income for Black farmers in the South.

Organization formed to help Black migrants adjust to urban life, providing support and resources.

A Black newspaper that spread news and encouraged migration to the North.

A story told through visual means, such as paintings or photographs.

Cause: Racial violence, economic hardship in South. Effect: Transformation of American cities, new cultural hubs.

Cause: World Wars. Effect: Northern employers sought Black workers from the South.

Cause: Floods, droughts, boll weevil. Effect: Ruined crops and farms, poverty for Black families.

Cause: Racial Segregation. Effect: Violence, limited rights, hope for safety in the North.

Cause: Expansion of the railway system. Effect: Made travel easier for migrants.

Cause: Newspapers like The Chicago Defender. Effect: Spread information about jobs and encouraged migration.

Cause: Need to help migrants adjust to urban life. Effect: Provided housing, job training, and social services.

Cause: Southern employers tried to stop migration. Effect: Violence and fear for Black people trying to leave.

Cause: Migrants moving to cities. Effect: New skills, leisure activities, and community.

Cause: Migration and changing demographics. Effect: Increased tensions in both South and North.