Cause: Racial violence, economic hardship in South. Effect: Transformation of American cities, new cultural hubs.

Cause: World Wars. Effect: Northern employers sought Black workers from the South.

Cause: Floods, droughts, boll weevil. Effect: Ruined crops and farms, poverty for Black families.

Cause: Racial Segregation. Effect: Violence, limited rights, hope for safety in the North.

Cause: Expansion of the railway system. Effect: Made travel easier for migrants.

Cause: Newspapers like The Chicago Defender. Effect: Spread information about jobs and encouraged migration.

Cause: Need to help migrants adjust to urban life. Effect: Provided housing, job training, and social services.

Cause: Southern employers tried to stop migration. Effect: Violence and fear for Black people trying to leave.

Cause: Migrants moving to cities. Effect: New skills, leisure activities, and community.

Cause: Migration and changing demographics. Effect: Increased tensions in both South and North.

Cause: World Wars, Effect: Recruitment of Black workers from the South.

Cause: Floods, droughts, boll weevil, Effect: Displacement and poverty for Black farmers.

Cause: Jim Crow laws, lynchings, Effect: Migration to the North for safety.

Cause: Industrialization, Effect: Easier travel for migrants to the North.

Cause: Black newspapers like The Chicago Defender, Effect: Encouraged migration and provided information about job opportunities.

Cause: African Americans leaving the South, Effect: Resistance to migration and attempts to keep cheap labor.

Cause: African Americans leaving the South, Effect: Connected Black communities across the country and fostered a sense of shared identity.

Cause: African Americans moving to cities, Effect: Growth of vibrant Black cultural centers and increased racial tensions.

Cause: African Americans moving to cities, Effect: Formation of the National Urban League to help Black migrants adjust to urban life.

Cause: Push factors (racial violence, lack of opportunity), Effect: Loss of labor, economic disruption, demographic shift.

Largest internal migration in US history; 6 million African Americans moved from the South to the North, Midwest, and West.

Reasons that made African Americans want to leave the South (racial violence, limited economic opportunities, environmental issues).

Reasons that attracted African Americans to the North, Midwest, and West (job opportunities, higher wages, hope for safety).

An agricultural system where tenant farmers give a portion of their crops to the landowner as rent; kept Black families in debt.

State and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States.

Mob violence and racial terrorism used to intimidate and control African Americans.

An insect that destroyed cotton crops, a major source of income for Black farmers in the South.

Organization formed to help Black migrants adjust to urban life, providing support and resources.

A Black newspaper that spread news and encouraged migration to the North.

A story told through visual means, such as paintings or photographs.