The Practice of Freedom

The expansion of cotton plantations in the North

Increased racial segregation in Northern cities

Job opportunities in factories and industries

The implementation of Jim Crow laws in the North

Push factors encouraged migration to the South, while pull factors encouraged migration to the North.

Push factors were related to economic opportunities, while pull factors were related to social issues.

Push factors were conditions that made people want to leave the South, while pull factors attracted them to the North, Midwest, and West.

Push factors were short-term incentives, while pull factors were long-term solutions.

Push factors decreased over time, leading to a smaller migration.

The combination of racial violence and limited economic opportunities in the South, coupled with the promise of jobs and safety in the North, created a powerful incentive for a large-scale movement.

Pull factors were solely responsible for the migration's scale, as conditions in the South remained constant.

The balance between push and pull factors resulted in an equal distribution of African Americans across the country.

The Civil War

The Spanish-American War

World War I

The Cold War

It led to increased cotton production in the South.

It destroyed cotton crops, leading to poverty and prompting migration.

It had no significant impact on the economic conditions of the South.

It created new agricultural jobs in the South.

It led to the decline of Black-owned businesses.

It transformed them into vibrant Black cultural centers.

It decreased racial diversity in urban areas.

It had no significant impact on urban development.

Southern employers encouraged Black workers to seek better opportunities in the North.

White Southerners feared losing cheap labor and disrupting the racial hierarchy, leading to resistance and violence.

Racial tensions decreased as Black people left the South.

The South experienced an economic boom due to the reduced population.

Migrants experienced uniform conditions and opportunities regardless of their destination.

Some cities offered more job opportunities and better living conditions than others, leading to varied experiences of success and integration.

All migrants faced the same level of discrimination and economic hardship.

Migrants in all cities quickly achieved economic equality with white residents.

To promote segregation in Northern cities

To help Black migrants adjust to urban life by providing support services

To encourage African Americans to remain in the South

To organize armed resistance against racial discrimination

They discouraged African Americans from leaving the South.

They spread information about job opportunities and encouraged migration.

They primarily focused on local news within Southern communities.

They supported segregation and racial discrimination.