Abolished slavery in the United States.

Granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the U.S., including formerly enslaved people, and guaranteed equal protection under the law.

Prohibited the denial of the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Outlawed discrimination in public accommodations, but was later declared unconstitutional.

Prohibits racial discrimination in voting.

A landmark civil rights and labor law in the United States that outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

Prohibits discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race, color, religion, sex, familial status, national origin, or disability.

Declared that all slaves in the rebellious states "are, and henceforward shall be free."

Provided that any adult citizen, or intended citizen, who had never borne arms against the U.S. government could claim 160 acres of surveyed government land.

Authorized the President of the United States to survey American Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians.

The Supreme Court upheld a Louisiana law mandating segregated railroad passenger coaches and established the 'separate but equal' doctrine.

It ushered in the Jim Crow era, codifying and expanding segregation throughout the country, especially in the South.

It endorsed the idea that racial discrimination was valid under the law and perpetuated inequality for over half a century.

Segregated facilities for African Americans were consistently inferior and underfunded.

It overturned Plessy v. Ferguson, declaring that 'separate educational facilities are inherently unequal'.

It shaped racial inequities long after the ruling was overturned, with discriminatory policies and attitudes persisting.

Whether state-imposed segregation violated the 14th Amendment's guarantee of equal protection.

Justice Harlan argued that the Constitution is color-blind and does not permit class-based legislation.

It allowed for segregation in public accommodations like transportation, schools, and restaurants.

It established the legal precedent that 'separate but equal' facilities were constitutional, thus legalizing segregation.

An educator and leader who advocated for vocational training and economic self-reliance for African Americans.

A scholar and activist who advocated for full civil rights and intellectual development for African Americans; co-founded the NAACP.

A journalist and activist who documented and protested lynching in the United States.

An abolitionist, human rights leader, orator, publicist, author, and reformer. He was one of the most important African Americans during the 19th century.

A proponent of the Black Nationalism and Pan-Africanism movements, he founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA).

An entrepreneur, philanthropist, and political and social activist. She is recorded as the first self-made female millionaire in America.

A poet, social activist, novelist, playwright, and columnist from Joplin, Missouri. He was one of the earliest innovators of the then-new literary art form called jazz poetry.

An author, anthropologist, and filmmaker. She portrayed racial struggles in the early-20th-century American South and published research on hoodoo.

A lawyer and civil rights activist who served as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1967 to 1991. Marshall was the Court's first African-American justice.

An activist whose act of defiance in Montgomery, Alabama helped spark the Montgomery Bus Boycott.