All Flashcards
Who was Booker T. Washington and what was his impact?
An educator and leader who advocated for vocational training and economic self-reliance for African Americans.
Who was W.E.B. Du Bois and what was his impact?
A scholar and activist who advocated for full civil rights and intellectual development for African Americans; co-founded the NAACP.
Who was Ida B. Wells and what was her impact?
A journalist and activist who documented and protested lynching in the United States.
Who was Frederick Douglass and what was his impact?
An abolitionist, human rights leader, orator, publicist, author, and reformer. He was one of the most important African Americans during the 19th century.
Who was Marcus Garvey and what was his impact?
A proponent of the Black Nationalism and Pan-Africanism movements, he founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA).
Who was Madam C.J. Walker and what was her impact?
An entrepreneur, philanthropist, and political and social activist. She is recorded as the first self-made female millionaire in America.
Who was Langston Hughes and what was his impact?
A poet, social activist, novelist, playwright, and columnist from Joplin, Missouri. He was one of the earliest innovators of the then-new literary art form called jazz poetry.
Who was Zora Neale Hurston and what was her impact?
An author, anthropologist, and filmmaker. She portrayed racial struggles in the early-20th-century American South and published research on hoodoo.
Who was Thurgood Marshall and what was his impact?
A lawyer and civil rights activist who served as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1967 to 1991. Marshall was the Court's first African-American justice.
Who was Rosa Parks and what was her impact?
An activist whose act of defiance in Montgomery, Alabama helped spark the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
What was the Compromise of 1877?
An informal agreement that resolved the disputed 1876 U.S. presidential election; it resulted in the withdrawal of federal troops from the South, effectively ending Reconstruction.
What was the impact of the end of Reconstruction?
Led to the rise of Jim Crow laws, disenfranchisement of Black voters, and increased racial violence in the South.
What was the purpose of Black Codes?
Restrict African Americans' freedom and compelling them to work in a labor economy based on low wages or debt.
What was the Great Migration?
The movement of 6 million African Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that occurred between 1916 and 1970.
What was the Red Summer of 1919?
A period of intense racial violence and riots across the United States, particularly targeting African Americans.
What was the Tulsa Race Massacre?
A white mob attacked residents and businesses in the predominantly Black Greenwood neighborhood of Tulsa, Oklahoma, resulting in numerous deaths and widespread destruction.
What was the impact of the Civil Rights Act of 1875?
Prohibited racial discrimination in public accommodations and transportation, but was later deemed unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.
What was the Atlanta Compromise?
An agreement between Booker T. Washington and other African American leaders and white Southern leaders that Southern blacks would work and submit to white political rule, while Southern whites guaranteed that blacks would receive basic education and due process in law.
What was the Niagara Movement?
A black civil rights organization founded in 1905 by a group including W. E. B. Du Bois and William Monroe Trotter. It was a call for opposition to racial segregation and disenfranchisement, and it was opposed to policies of accommodation and conciliation promoted by African American leaders such as Booker T. Washington.
What was the Harlem Renaissance?
A cultural, social, and artistic explosion that took place in Harlem, New York, spanning the 1920s. During the time, it was known as the "New Negro Movement", named after the 1925 anthology by Alain Locke.
What were the causes and effects of the dismantling of Reconstruction?
Cause: Political compromise, white resistance. Effect: Rise of Jim Crow, disenfranchisement of Black voters.
What were the causes and effects of voter suppression?
Cause: Desire to maintain white supremacy. Effect: Limited Black political participation, reduced representation.
What were the causes and effects of racial violence during the Jim Crow Era?
Cause: White supremacist ideology. Effect: Terrorized Black communities, maintained racial hierarchy.
What were the causes and effects of the Plessy v. Ferguson decision?
Cause: Legal challenge to segregation. Effect: Legalized segregation, reinforced 'separate but equal' doctrine.
What were the causes and effects of unequal facilities during the Jim Crow Era?
Cause: Systemic racism, discriminatory policies. Effect: Limited opportunities for Black people, perpetuated inequality.
What were the causes and effects of the Compromise of 1877?
Cause: Disputed presidential election. Effect: Withdrawal of federal troops from the South, end of Reconstruction.
What were the causes and effects of the implementation of poll taxes?
Cause: Desire to disenfranchise Black voters. Effect: Reduced Black voter turnout, maintained white political power.
What were the causes and effects of the establishment of literacy tests?
Cause: Desire to disenfranchise Black voters. Effect: Reduced Black voter turnout, maintained white political power.
What were the causes and effects of the use of grandfather clauses?
Cause: Desire to disenfranchise Black voters while allowing poor whites to vote. Effect: Reduced Black voter turnout, maintained white political power.
What were the causes and effects of the Supreme Court overturning Plessy v. Ferguson?
Cause: Legal challenges to segregation, changing social attitudes. Effect: Desegregation efforts, advancement of civil rights.