Segregation enforced by law.

A fee required to vote, used to disenfranchise poor African Americans.

A test requiring voters to read and interpret complex passages, used to disenfranchise African Americans.

Laws allowing people to vote only if their grandfather was eligible before the Civil War, excluding most Black people.

Brutal killings without trial, often public spectacles, used to terrorize the Black community.

The belief that white people are inherently superior and should dominate society.

The principle established in Plessy v. Ferguson that segregation is constitutional if facilities are equal in quality.

A period of state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States.

The denial of the right to vote to a person or group of people.

The period after the Civil War focused on rebuilding the South and securing rights for African Americans.

Provided solace, hope, and coded messages of resistance during slavery and Reconstruction.

Expressed the pain, struggle, and resilience of African Americans in the face of oppression.

Originated in African American communities and became a symbol of cultural expression and innovation.

A period of flourishing African American art, literature, and music that celebrated Black identity and culture.

The name given to a group of politically motivated black poets, artists, dramatists, musicians, and writers who emerged in the wake of the Black Power Movement.

A cultural movement, a genre of music, and a lifestyle. It is a global phenomenon that has influenced fashion, language, and art.

A center of African American community life, providing spiritual guidance, social support, and a platform for activism.

A holiday celebrating the emancipation of enslaved African Americans in the United States.

A celebration of African-American culture held from December 26 to January 1, culminating in a communal feast called Karamu, usually held on the 6th day.

Social fellowships that promote academic excellence, community service, and leadership development for African Americans.

The Supreme Court upheld a Louisiana law mandating segregated railroad passenger coaches and established the 'separate but equal' doctrine.

It ushered in the Jim Crow era, codifying and expanding segregation throughout the country, especially in the South.

It endorsed the idea that racial discrimination was valid under the law and perpetuated inequality for over half a century.

Segregated facilities for African Americans were consistently inferior and underfunded.

It overturned Plessy v. Ferguson, declaring that 'separate educational facilities are inherently unequal'.

It shaped racial inequities long after the ruling was overturned, with discriminatory policies and attitudes persisting.

Whether state-imposed segregation violated the 14th Amendment's guarantee of equal protection.

Justice Harlan argued that the Constitution is color-blind and does not permit class-based legislation.

It allowed for segregation in public accommodations like transportation, schools, and restaurants.

It established the legal precedent that 'separate but equal' facilities were constitutional, thus legalizing segregation.