All Flashcards
Define Jim Crow.
Laws enforcing racial segregation in the U.S., primarily in the South.
What is disenfranchisement?
The denial of voting rights to a person or group of people.
Define poll tax.
A fee required to vote, used to disenfranchise Black voters.
What are literacy tests?
Unfair tests used to prevent Black people from voting.
What were Grandfather clauses?
Exemptions from voting restrictions for whites.
Define 'separate but equal'.
The doctrine that segregation was legal if facilities were equal.
What is lynching?
Murder by a mob without due process of law, often racially motivated.
Define the Nadir of Race Relations.
The lowest point in US race relations, post-Reconstruction to WWII.
What is racial terrorism?
Acts of violence and intimidation used to enforce racial hierarchy.
What is segregation?
The enforced separation of different racial groups in a country, community, or establishment.
What was the ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford?
Ruled that enslaved people were not citizens and had no right to sue in federal court.
What was the impact of Guinn v. United States (1915)?
Declared grandfather clauses unconstitutional, but states found other ways to disenfranchise Black voters.
What was the impact of Smith v. Allwright (1944)?
Ruled that white primaries were unconstitutional, allowing Black voters to participate in primary elections.
What was the impact of Morgan v. Virginia (1946)?
Ruled that segregation on interstate buses was unconstitutional.
What was the impact of Shelley v. Kraemer (1948)?
Ruled that racially restrictive covenants were unenforceable, but segregation in housing persisted.
What was the impact of Sweatt v. Painter (1950)?
Ruled that segregated law school for Black students was unequal, paving the way for Brown v. Board of Education.
What was the impact of McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents (1950)?
Ruled that segregation within a graduate school was unconstitutional.
What was the impact of Boynton v. Virginia (1960)?
Ruled that segregation in bus terminals was unconstitutional.
What was the impact of Loving v. Virginia (1967)?
Ruled that laws prohibiting interracial marriage were unconstitutional.
What was the impact of Green v. County School Board of New Kent County (1968)?
Required school districts to actively desegregate schools, leading to more integrated classrooms.
What was Plessy v. Ferguson?
1896 Supreme Court case that upheld 'separate but equal,' legalizing segregation.
What was Brown v. Board of Education?
1954 Supreme Court case that overturned Plessy, declared school segregation unconstitutional.
What was the Civil Rights Act of 1964?
Landmark legislation that dismantled Jim Crow's legal foundation.
What was the Voting Rights Act of 1965?
Legislation that dismantled Jim Crow's legal foundation, protecting voting rights.
What was the Reconstruction Era?
The period after the Civil War focused on rebuilding the South and integrating formerly enslaved people into society.
What were the Trolley Boycotts?
African Americans refused to ride segregated public transportation.
When was the NAACP founded?
Founded in 1909 to fight for civil rights through legal and political means.
What was the impact of the Red Record publication?
Laid the groundwork for anti-lynching campaigns and influenced the early civil rights movement.
What was the purpose of Jim Crow Laws?
To maintain white supremacy and racial segregation in the Southern United States.
What was the impact of the failure of Reconstruction?
Led to the rise of white supremacy and the implementation of Jim Crow laws.