Cause: European desire for resources and power. Effect: Exploitation of colonized peoples and cultural suppression.

Cause: Rejection of French assimilation and colonial oppression. Effect: Celebration of African identity and anti-colonial resistance.

Cause: Desire to celebrate African contributions to Latin American culture. Effect: Increased cultural pride and challenge to Eurocentrism.

Cause: Migration of African Americans to northern cities and a desire for cultural expression. Effect: Flourishing of African American arts and literature and inspiration for Négritude and Negrismo.

Cause: Césaire's experience with colonialism and his commitment to anti-colonial thought. Effect: A searing critique of European colonialism and its devastating impacts on colonized peoples.

Cause: Guillén's desire to celebrate Black culture and critique social inequalities. Effect: A landmark of Negrismo literature that used Afro-Cuban rhythms and language.

Cause: Lam's desire to capture the complex cultural identity of Afro-Cuban society and comment on colonialism. Effect: A powerful commentary on colonialism, slavery, and cultural resilience in the Americas.

Cause: Jones' exploration of her cultural heritage and her engagement with modernist aesthetics. Effect: A representation of a significant intersection of African and African American artistic traditions.

Cause: The desire to preserve cultural identity and resist colonial domination. Effect: The rise of movements like Négritude and Negrismo that celebrated African heritage.

Cause: The recognition that both systems oppressed Black people and exploited their labor. Effect: Solidarity movements like Négritude and Negrismo that linked the oppression of Black people to the exploitative nature of global capitalism.

Négritude: Explicitly political and anti-colonial. | Negrismo: Focused on cultural expressions and African influence on Latin American identity.

Négritude: Rooted in French-speaking Caribbean and Africa. | Negrismo: Rooted in Spanish-speaking Caribbean.

Négritude: Focused on the broader African diaspora and the impacts of colonialism in French and Spanish Caribbean colonies. | New Negro Movement: Centered on the African American experience, particularly the struggle against Jim Crow laws and lynching in the U.S.

Négritude: Sought to reclaim and celebrate African heritage. | Negrismo: Sought to reclaim and celebrate African heritage.

Négritude: Had a more explicit political and anti-colonial stance. | Negrismo: Focused more on cultural expressions and African influence on Latin American identity.

Négritude: Expressed through literature and political essays. | Negrismo: Expressed through music, folklore, literature, and art.

Négritude: Rejected the French colonial policy of assimilation and the idea of French cultural superiority. | Negrismo: Challenged the dominant Eurocentric culture and the marginalization of Afro-Caribbean people.

Négritude: Inspired by the Harlem Renaissance and the ideas of the New Negro movement. | Negrismo: Inspired by African rhythms, folklore, and religious traditions.

Négritude: Saw colonialism as exploitation and challenged racial ideologies. | Negrismo: Challenged the dominant Eurocentric culture and the marginalization of Afro-Caribbean people.

Négritude: Celebrated African history, art, and spirituality as equal to or superior to European culture. | Negrismo: Celebrated the African influence on Caribbean culture and identity.

Cause: European desire for resources/power. Effect: Exploitation, cultural suppression, resistance movements.

Cause: Great Migration, Black cultural expression. Effect: Inspired Négritude and Negrismo.

Cause: Belief in French cultural superiority. Effect: Rejection by colonized, rise of Négritude.

Cause: Justification for colonial exploitation. Effect: Dehumanization, resistance, movements for equality.

Cause: Jim Crow laws, economic opportunity. Effect: Harlem Renaissance, new Black cultural expression.

Cause: Industrial revolution, desire for profit. Effect: Exploitation of colonized peoples, resistance movements.

Cause: Critique of colonialism's brutality. Effect: Influenced postcolonial thought, inspired resistance.

Cause: Marginalization of Afro-Cubans. Effect: Celebrated Black culture, critiqued social inequalities.

Cause: Belief in equality, resistance to oppression. Effect: Reclaiming African culture, movements for liberation.

Cause: Shared experiences of oppression. Effect: Solidarity between African Americans, Négritude, and Negrismo.