Movements and Debates

Early to mid-20th century

Late 18th century

Mid-19th century

Late 20th century

It had no influence.

It inspired the rejection of African heritage.

It inspired the Négritude movement and the ideas of the New Negro movement.

It promoted assimilation into European culture.

It promoted assimilation into French culture.

It condemned the oppression of colonialism and celebrated African roots.

It focused solely on economic development in Africa.

It advocated for civil rights in the United States.

By rejecting African traditions as primitive.

By ignoring African traditions and focusing solely on European influences.

By incorporating African rhythms, folklore, and religious traditions into their works.

By promoting assimilation into European culture.

They saw no connection between these movements.

They saw them as promoting assimilation into European culture.

They connected them to their own critique of global capitalism and racism.

They believed these movements were solely focused on Africa.

Blackness in Spanish

Whiteness in French

Blackness in French

Equality in English

Aimé Césaire

Léopold Sédar Senghor

Nicolás Guillén

Léon Damas

Négritude focused on cultural expression, while Negrismo had a political stance.

Négritude focused on Spanish speaking Caribbean, while Negrismo focused on French colonies.

Négritude had a more explicit political and anti-colonial stance, while Negrismo focused more on cultural expressions.

Negrismo sought to reclaim African heritage, while Négritude focused on assimilation.

Racial ideologies were irrelevant to colonial exploitation.

Racial ideologies underpinned colonial exploitation.

Racial ideologies were a result of decolonization.

Racial ideologies promoted equality between colonizers and colonized.

Anti-colonial efforts in French colonies

The African American experience and civil rights in the U.S.

Celebrating African influence in Latin American music

Promoting African socialism based on traditional values