All Flashcards
Define systemic racism.
Discrimination and segregation embedded in all aspects of life.
Define de jure segregation.
Segregation mandated by law.
Define de facto segregation.
Segregation existing in practice, even without legal sanction.
What is 'white flight'?
The migration of white families from integrated areas to suburbs or private schools.
Define segregation.
The enforced separation of different racial groups in a country, community, or establishment.
Define discrimination.
The unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people, especially on the grounds of race, age, or sex.
What is the 'separate but equal' doctrine?
Legal doctrine that upheld racial segregation as long as facilities were deemed equal in quality; overturned by Brown v. Board.
What is the 14th Amendment?
Guarantees equal protection under the law; used in Brown v. Board to challenge segregation.
Define integration.
The process of bringing people of different races together in society.
What are Reconstruction Amendments?
13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments aimed to grant citizenship rights and equal protection after the Civil War.
Who were Kenneth and Mamie Clark?
Psychologists whose 'doll test' study showed the psychological damage of segregation on children, crucial to Brown v. Board.
What was President Eisenhower's role in the Little Rock Nine?
Sent federal troops to escort the students and ensure their safety, demonstrating federal enforcement of desegregation.
What was Brown v. Board of Education?
1954 Supreme Court decision ruling racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional.
What was the significance of the Little Rock Nine?
Nine African American students sought to enroll at Little Rock Central High School in 1957, facing protests and violence.
What happened in 1957 at Little Rock Central High School?
The Little Rock Nine attempted to integrate, leading to protests, violence, and federal intervention.
What was the impact of Brown v. Board?
Overturned 'separate but equal,' paving the way for desegregation efforts.
What was the Doll Test?
Psychological study showing the harmful effects of segregation on children's self-esteem.
What happened after Brown v. Board?
De facto segregation persisted, with funding cuts for integrated schools and white flight.
What was Plessy v. Ferguson?
1896 Supreme Court decision establishing the 'separate but equal' doctrine.
What was the response to school integration attempts?
Continued resistance, violence, and the deployment of the Arkansas National Guard.
What was the role of federal troops in school integration?
President Eisenhower sent federal troops to escort the Little Rock Nine and ensure their safety.
What was the impact of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, opinion, May 17, 1954?
This Supreme Court decision overturned the 'separate but equal' doctrine. It declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional.