Movements and Debates

Equal access to housing and education nationwide.

Guaranteed voting rights in all states.

Segregation in housing, education, and transportation.

Equal employment opportunities in all sectors.

The Reconstruction Amendments fully eliminated discrimination, making the Civil Rights Movement unnecessary.

The Reconstruction Amendments were fully enforced, leading to complete equality for African Americans.

The Reconstruction Amendments aimed to grant citizenship rights and equal protection, but were not fully enforced, leading to the Civil Rights Movement.

The Reconstruction Amendments had no impact on the Civil Rights Movement.

By ensuring the full enforcement of the Reconstruction Amendments, thereby eliminating the need for civil rights activism.

By creating legal loopholes that allowed for the continuation of segregation and discrimination despite the Reconstruction Amendments.

By focusing solely on economic disparities, ignoring the social and political rights guaranteed by Reconstruction.

By promoting integration and equality, which led to a backlash and the eventual rise of the Civil Rights Movement.

1896

1954

1964

1965

The First Amendment

The Tenth Amendment

The Fourteenth Amendment

The Fifteenth Amendment

Plessy v. Ferguson overturned the 'separate but equal' doctrine, while Brown v. Board upheld it, leading to increased segregation.

Plessy v. Ferguson and Brown v. Board both supported integration, resulting in immediate equality in schools nationwide.

Plessy v. Ferguson established 'separate but equal,' while Brown v. Board overturned it, marking a major turning point against segregation.

Plessy v. Ferguson focused on voting rights, while Brown v. Board addressed housing discrimination, with neither directly impacting education.

To determine the intelligence levels of African American children.

To assess the physical health of children in segregated schools.

To study the psychological effects of segregation on children.

To evaluate the academic performance of children in integrated schools.

To demonstrate the economic disparities between white and Black schools.

To prove that African American children preferred attending segregated schools.

To illustrate the negative impact of segregation on African American children's self-esteem and mental health.

To argue that separate schools provided better educational resources for African American children.

Segregation mandated by federal law.

Segregation resulting from personal choices and societal conditions.

Segregation enforced by the Supreme Court.

Segregation that was eliminated after the Civil War.

The immediate and complete integration of all public schools.

White families moving to suburbs and enrolling their children in private schools.

Increased funding for integrated schools in all states.

The elimination of all forms of racial discrimination in housing.