Freedom, Enslavement and Resistance

The French

Maroons

The Spanish

British Loyalists

To gain access to better trade routes.

To fight together against forced relocation.

To establish dominance over other tribes.

To acquire more land for agriculture.

It led to the immediate cessation of U.S. expansion due to the strength of their combined forces.

It created a long-lasting, formidable resistance that significantly hindered U.S. efforts to control Florida.

It had minimal impact as the U.S. military quickly suppressed the rebellion.

It prompted the Seminoles to adopt a policy of assimilation to avoid further conflict.

Sioux

Cherokee

Navajo

Apache

It led to their immediate emancipation and integration into Indigenous society.

It resulted in improved living conditions and greater opportunities for enslaved people.

It forced Indigenous nations to abandon the practice of slavery due to resource constraints.

It involved the forced relocation of both Indigenous people and enslaved African Americans to Indian Territory, causing immense suffering for both groups.

Indigenous practices were uniformly more lenient and focused on assimilation.

Indigenous practices were identical to those of white colonizers in terms of brutality and exploitation.

Some Indigenous nations adopted chattel slavery, viewing enslaved people as property, mirroring the practices of white colonizers, while others offered refuge.

Indigenous practices primarily involved indentured servitude rather than chattel slavery.

To promote the integration of enslaved people into Indigenous society.

To provide enslaved people with basic rights and protections.

To establish a system of indentured servitude with eventual freedom.

To control and oppress enslaved people by restricting their rights and freedoms.

They rarely collaborated, as they had conflicting interests and priorities.

They worked together through armed groups like slave patrols to monitor and capture those trying to escape.

They primarily collaborated on economic ventures rather than enforcing slave codes.

They only collaborated in providing education and religious instruction to enslaved people.

It led to a more egalitarian society where all members were treated equally.

It created a rigid social order, distinguishing between Indigenous enslavers and enslaved African Americans.

It strengthened Black-Indigenous kinship ties and promoted social harmony.

It had no significant impact on the existing social structures.

It strengthened kinship ties and led to greater social cohesion.

It had no impact on pre-existing social structures.

It led to the erosion of kinship ties, the exclusion of mixed-race individuals, and the replacement of traditional structures with a system based on racial purity.

It promoted the integration of African Americans into positions of leadership within Indigenous communities.