The Practice of Freedom

12th Amendment

13th Amendment

14th Amendment

15th Amendment

To establish a national bank and regulate the economy.

To rebuild the South after the Civil War and establish rights for African Americans.

To expand westward expansion and promote Manifest Destiny.

To limit the power of the federal government and protect states' rights.

The amendments lacked clear definitions of citizenship and equal protection.

The federal government consistently and effectively enforced the amendments in all states.

Southern states enacted discriminatory laws and practices, such as Black Codes and Jim Crow laws.

African Americans were not interested in participating in the political process.

When deemed necessary for economic growth.

During times of war or national emergency.

As punishment for a crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted.

With the consent of the individual being subjected to servitude.

It led to the immediate and complete integration of formerly enslaved people into society.

Southern states exploited this loophole through the convict leasing system, disproportionately affecting African Americans.

It had no significant impact on the lives of African Americans.

The federal government immediately intervened to prevent any abuse of this clause.

Citizenship is determined by property ownership.

Citizenship is based on race and ethnicity.

Birthright citizenship - if you're born here, you're a citizen.

Citizenship is granted only to those who served in the military.

It upheld the Dred Scott decision.

It had no impact on the Dred Scott decision.

It partially overturned the Dred Scott decision by clarifying the rights of slave owners.

It overturned Dred Scott by stating African Americans could be citizens.

Jim Crow laws ensured equal treatment for all citizens, regardless of race.

Jim Crow laws were consistently struck down by the Supreme Court as unconstitutional.

Jim Crow laws were primarily focused on economic equality, not social equality.

Jim Crow laws enforced segregation and discrimination, directly contradicting the principle of equal protection under the law.

Denying women the right to vote.

Denying the right to vote based on race.

Denying the right to own property.

Denying freedom of speech.

Providing transportation to polling places.

Literacy tests and poll taxes.

Granting land to African American voters.

Enacting federal laws to protect voting rights.