The Practice of Freedom

Citizenship is determined by property ownership.

Citizenship is based on race and ethnicity.

Birthright citizenship - if you're born here, you're a citizen.

Citizenship is granted only to those who served in the military.

The 15th Amendment had no impact in either period.

The 15th Amendment immediately guaranteed full voting rights for all African Americans, while the Voting Rights Act had no additional effect.

The 15th Amendment was initially limited by state-level restrictions, while the Voting Rights Act of 1965 provided federal enforcement to protect voting rights.

The 15th Amendment only applied to federal elections, while the Voting Rights Act extended to state and local elections.

Promoting segregation and discrimination.

Promoting civil rights, education, and economic opportunities.

Focusing solely on personal enrichment.

Undermining the federal government's authority.

12th Amendment

13th Amendment

14th Amendment

15th Amendment

The amendments lacked clear definitions of citizenship and equal protection.

The federal government consistently and effectively enforced the amendments in all states.

Southern states enacted discriminatory laws and practices, such as Black Codes and Jim Crow laws.

African Americans were not interested in participating in the political process.

It led to the immediate and complete integration of formerly enslaved people into society.

Southern states exploited this loophole through the convict leasing system, disproportionately affecting African Americans.

It had no significant impact on the lives of African Americans.

The federal government immediately intervened to prevent any abuse of this clause.

It upheld the Dred Scott decision.

It had no impact on the Dred Scott decision.

It partially overturned the Dred Scott decision by clarifying the rights of slave owners.

It overturned Dred Scott by stating African Americans could be citizens.

Denying women the right to vote.

Denying the right to vote based on race.

Denying the right to own property.

Denying freedom of speech.

Universal access to education and resources.

Intimidation, violence, and discriminatory laws.

Full support from the federal government.

A lack of interest in politics among African Americans.

To establish a national bank and regulate the economy.

To rebuild the South after the Civil War and establish rights for African Americans.

To expand westward expansion and promote Manifest Destiny.

To limit the power of the federal government and protect states' rights.