Movements and Debates

1954

1966

1972

1980

A focus solely on nonviolent protest and integration.

A combination of Black nationalism, Marxism, and commitment to self-defense.

Prioritizing assimilation into mainstream American culture above all else.

An emphasis on individual achievement and capitalism.

Increased military spending

End police brutality

Tax cuts for the wealthy

Relaxation of environmental regulations

Environmental pollution

Economic inequality

Lack of access to healthcare

Inadequate transportation infrastructure

Full employment

Decent housing

Education reform

Freedom for Black prisoners

The Declaration of Independence

The First Amendment

The Second Amendment

The Civil Rights Act of 1964

Providing financial support to the BPP's community programs.

Publicly endorsing the BPP's Ten-Point Program.

Surveillance, infiltration, and disruption tactics.

Lobbying Congress to pass legislation supporting the BPP's goals.

To promote racial integration in schools

To provide essential services to low-income Black communities

To recruit new members into the Black Panther Party

To challenge the authority of local law enforcement

Rosa Parks

Kathleen Cleaver

Harriet Tubman

Sojourner Truth

It led to the elimination of federal funding for school breakfast programs.

It had no impact on federal food programs.

It influenced the expansion of the federal government's school breakfast program in the 1970s.

It resulted in the privatization of school lunch programs.