Later European and American Art, 1750–1980 CE

By utilizing Protestant iconography to appeal to a wider Christian audience across Europe.

Through theatrical emotionality that serves to inspire religious fervor and devotion among viewers.

Through subdued realism that reflects a more personal, introspective spiritual experience.

By emphasizing classical stoicism as a response against overzealous religiosity of earlier art periods.

Flying Buttresses

Groin Vaults

Ribbed Vaults

Pendentive Domes

The Rise of the Roman Empire

The Black Death

The Onin War

The Crusades

It showcases the royal family's power and affluence through intricate detail and complex composition.

It uses minimalistic aesthetics to highlight the decline in Spanish monarchic power.

It depicts rulers interacting with commoners to emphasize social equality under Habsburg rule.

It employs abstract forms to represent the political instability of Habsburg Spain.

By showing how Baroque realism is less about spiritual narratives and more about accurate human anatomy representation.

By demonstrating that Bernini intentionally avoided any overlap between sensual imagery and religious subject matter.

By revealing subconscious emotions conveyed through Teresa’s posture and expression that blur sacred-profane boundaries.

By proving that religious sculptures were direct reflections rather than interpretations of mystical experiences.

A focus on pastoral settings that aligns with Rococo tendencies rather than urban-centric Baroque themes.

An adherence to strict symmetry and balance reflecting Renaissance ideals rather than Baroque dynamism.

The inclusion of mythological elements highlighting humanist ideas prevalent during Baroque times.

The use of loose brushwork creating lively realism that emphasizes individual character over formality.

The Code of Hammurabi next to Raphael's School of Athens.

The Palette of King Narmer displayed beside Donatello's Saint Mark.

The Colosseum paired with Ghiberti's Gates of Paradise.

The Seated Scribe from Saqqara juxtaposed with Michelangelo's David.

Political assemblies

Religious ceremonies

Royal coronations

Gladiator combats and public spectacles

The encaustic method used ensured minimal damage from humidity and light exposure.

The dry plaster resulted in flaking and deterioration over time.

The oil-based pigments have maintained their original vibrancy exceptionally well.

The tempera on wood panel has preserved the painting without significant fading.

Its pliability enables larger abstract forms unsupported by traditional methods.

Bronze allows larger works without additional support structures like armatures.

It permits fine textural details enhancing realism and strength.

Its reflective surface naturally illuminates figures from within for heightened spirituality.