South, East, and Southeast Asian Art, 300 BCE–1980 CE

The artworks focused exclusively on common people, seldom incorporating regal or divine figures.

They served primarily as educational tools for an illiterate population without conveying hierarchical messages.

Religious art was mostly abstract at this time, avoiding any representation of social structures or authorities altogether.

They often communicated divine approval of existing social orders through depictions of religious figures endorsing rulers.

Introduction of oil paint to achieve richer color and texture.

Use of linear perspective to create more realistic and individualized figures.

Development of chiaroscuro to enhance three-dimensionality.

Implementation of fresco secco for greater durability in murals.

Jan van Eyck’s “Arnolfini Portrait”

Kehinde Wiley’s “Napoleon Leading the Army over the Alps”

Gilbert Stuart’s “George Washington”

Diego Velázquez’s “Las Meninas”

By dismantling aristocratic patronage systems, leading artists to seek diverse audiences and themes

Directly commissioning artworks promoting democratic ideals among public institutions

Implementing state-sponsored academies focused exclusively on classical forms

Censoring religious iconography, compelling artists to adopt secular subjects only

Balance

Emphasis

Pattern

Contrast

The use of sharp lines to convey rationalism and order.

A depiction of historical events to promote civic duty.

A focus on moral virtue and classical antiquity.

An emphasis on playful romance and lighthearted frivolity.

Cataloguing archaeological finds associated with performance stages uncovered at Egyptian temple sites.

Exploring ritual performance spaces using theories related to embodied experience and phenomenology.

Assessing construction methods used for outdoor theaters in Greek city-states.

Categorizing types of Roman amphitheaters based on size and location.

To celebrate human form and athletic achievement

To serve as objects of direct worship within temple sanctuaries

To mark gravesites with representations of deceased individuals' professions

To commemorate victories in battle against rival cities

Roman

Mesopotamian

Maya

Greek

Frontal symmetry and rigidity

Use of high relief carving techniques

Naturalistic body proportions and facial expressions

Hierarchical scale emphasizing importance