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What happens when there is a large difference in electronegativity between two atoms?
A polar covalent bond forms, creating partial positive and negative charges.
What is the effect of removing water during dehydration synthesis?
Monomers combine to form a polymer.
What is the effect of adding water during hydrolysis?
Polymers are broken down into monomers.
What causes nonpolar covalent bonds?
Small electronegativity differences between atoms
What are the key differences between covalent and ionic bonds?
Covalent: Electrons are shared, strong bonds, forms molecules. Ionic: Electrons are transferred, creates ions, forms ionic compounds.
Differentiate between polar and nonpolar covalent bonds.
Polar: Unequal sharing of electrons, partial charges. Nonpolar: Equal sharing of electrons, no charges.
What are the differences between intramolecular and intermolecular bonds?
Intramolecular: Bonds within a molecule. Intermolecular: Attractions between molecules.
Compare and contrast dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis.
Dehydration: Removes water, builds polymers, endergonic. Hydrolysis: Adds water, breaks down polymers, exergonic.
What is a covalent bond?
A bond where electrons are shared between atoms.
Define electronegativity.
An atom's pull on electrons in a bond.
What is an ionic bond?
A bond where electrons are transferred, creating ions with opposite charges that attract.
Define metallic bond.
Attraction between metal ions and a 'sea' of delocalized electrons.
What is a polymer?
Large molecule made of many repeating smaller units (monomers) linked by covalent bonds.
What is a monomer?
Small building block molecules that combine to form a polymer.
Define nonpolar covalent bond.
Electrons are shared equally, resulting in no partial charges.
What is a polar covalent bond?
Electrons are shared unequally, creating partial positive (ฮด+) and partial negative (ฮด-) charges.
Define intramolecular bond.
Bonds that hold atoms together *within* a molecule.
What is an intermolecular bond?
Weak attractions *between* molecules.
Define dehydration synthesis.
Monomers combine to form polymers by removing water (H2O).
What is hydrolysis?
Polymers are broken down into monomers by adding water (H2O).