Chemistry of Life
In a population of beetles, what is an immediate outcome when a deleterious allele arises through mutation and is then acted upon by natural selection?
There is an increase in heterozygote advantage within the population.
The frequency of the deleterious allele decreases over time.
The rate of reproduction in individuals with this allele increases for compensation.
The allelic diversity within the population increases temporarily.
Given a pedigree where an affected female mates to an unaffected male and half their children are affected regardless of sex, what is likely the inheritance mode?
Mitochondrial inheritance pattern
Autosomal dominant with incomplete penetrance
X-linked dominant trait
Y-linked recessive gene expression
Considering cellular macromolecules, which scenario would most likely result in disrupted cell function due to changes in protein structure?
The substitution of a hydrophobic amino acid with a hydrophilic one in a transmembrane region.
The addition of a ubiquitin molecule to tag a protein for degradation via proteasomes.
The phosphorylation of an amino acid residue on an enzymatic allosteric site.
An increase in hydrogen bonding between R-groups on the surface of an enzyme's active site.
What type of interaction stabilizes the alpha-helix and beta-sheet structures of proteins?
Covalent bonding between R-groups
Hydrophobic interactions among nonpolar residues
Hydrogen bonding between backbone amides
Ionic interactions between polar side chains
What is a characteristic of a covalent bond?
Formation through the addition of water
Attraction between metal ions and delocalized electrons
Transfer of electrons
Sharing of electrons
What is the main function of carbohydrates in cells?
Forming cellular membranes.
Storing genetic information.
Providing energy.
Catalyzing chemical reactions.
What is an organic compound that is made by the glands in the body and is used for long distance communication between cells?
Carbohydrates
Synapse
Hormones
Neurotransmitters

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Which type of point mutation would most likely have the least effect on the resulting protein's function when occurring in the middle of a gene sequence?
Missense mutation
Silent mutation
Frameshift mutation
Nonsense mutation
What type of carbohydrate is primarily responsible for storing energy in plants?
Starch
Cellulose
Glucose
Glycogen
Given knowledge about primary structure determination, which hypothetical situation might adversely affect tertiary protein structure without altering primary sequence?
A mutation causing synonymous base pair substitutions.
The introduction into cells foreign RNA sequences coding identical polypeptides due endogenous genes present intracellularly.
An increased production rate resulting from upregulated gene expression facilitating greater mRNA availability.
An environmental pH shift significantly different from physiological conditions affecting charged side chains' interactions.