All Flashcards
What are the key steps of cellular respiration in the mitochondria?
- Glycolysis (in cytoplasm), 2. Citric Acid/Krebs Cycle (in mitochondrial matrix), 3. Oxidative Phosphorylation (in the inner membrane).
What are the two main stages of photosynthesis in chloroplasts?
- Light-dependent reactions (in the grana), 2. Light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle) (in the stroma).
Describe the process of protein synthesis.
- Transcription of DNA into mRNA, 2. mRNA travels to ribosome, 3. Translation: ribosome reads mRNA and assembles amino acids into a polypeptide chain.
Describe the steps of exocytosis.
- Vesicle containing material moves to the cell membrane, 2. Vesicle membrane fuses with the cell membrane, 3. Material is released outside the cell.
Describe the steps of endocytosis.
- Cell membrane surrounds the material to be ingested, 2. Membrane folds inward, forming a vesicle, 3. Vesicle pinches off and enters the cell.
What are the key differences between Rough ER and Smooth ER?
Rough ER: Studded with ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis and modification. | Smooth ER: Detoxification, lipid synthesis, and maintaining cellular homeostasis.
What are the key differences between active and passive transport?
Passive Transport: High to low concentration, no energy required. | Active Transport: Low to high concentration, requires energy (ATP).
Differentiate between diffusion and osmosis.
Diffusion: Movement of any molecule from high to low concentration. | Osmosis: Specifically the movement of water from high water potential to low water potential.
What are the differences between endocytosis and exocytosis?
Endocytosis: Bulk material into the cell. | Exocytosis: Bulk material out of the cell.
Compare and contrast mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Mitochondria: ATP production via cellular respiration, double membrane, own DNA. | Chloroplasts: Photosynthesis, double membrane, own DNA.
What is the effect of a high surface area-to-volume ratio in a cell?
More efficient exchange of materials with the environment, better resource acquisition, and waste elimination.
What happens if a plant cell is placed in a hypertonic solution?
The cell will shrink and plasmolyze due to water moving out of the cell.
What is the effect of hydrolytic enzymes in lysosomes?
Breakdown of cellular waste and worn-out parts; also involved in apoptosis (programmed cell death).
What is the result of a cell lacking ribosomes?
The cell cannot synthesize proteins, leading to a disruption of cellular functions.
What happens when the inner mitochondrial membrane is highly folded (cristae)?
Increases the surface area for oxidative phosphorylation, leading to more ATP production.
What happens when a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution?
Water moves into the cell, causing it to swell. In animal cells, this can lead to lysis.