Revise later
SpaceTo flip
If confident
All Flashcards
What are the key differences between Rough ER and Smooth ER?
Rough ER: Studded with ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis and modification. | Smooth ER: Detoxification, lipid synthesis, and maintaining cellular homeostasis.
What are the key differences between active and passive transport?
Passive Transport: High to low concentration, no energy required. | Active Transport: Low to high concentration, requires energy (ATP).
Differentiate between diffusion and osmosis.
Diffusion: Movement of any molecule from high to low concentration. | Osmosis: Specifically the movement of water from high water potential to low water potential.
What are the differences between endocytosis and exocytosis?
Endocytosis: Bulk material into the cell. | Exocytosis: Bulk material out of the cell.
Compare and contrast mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Mitochondria: ATP production via cellular respiration, double membrane, own DNA. | Chloroplasts: Photosynthesis, double membrane, own DNA.
Define Ribosomes.
Sites of protein synthesis, reading mRNA and assembling amino acids into polypeptides. Composed of rRNA and proteins.
Define Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER).
A network involved in mechanical support, intracellular transport, and compartmentalization. Types include Rough ER and Smooth ER.
Define Golgi Complex.
Organelle responsible for protein modification (folding, glycosylation), sorting, and packaging for transport.
Define Mitochondria.
Organelle responsible for ATP production through cellular respiration; has a double membrane and its own DNA.
Define Lysosomes.
Organelles containing hydrolytic enzymes for breaking down cellular waste and worn-out parts; involved in apoptosis.
Define Vacuoles.
Organelles for the storage of macromolecules, waste, and water; large central vacuole in plant cells maintains turgor pressure.
Define Chloroplasts.
Organelles responsible for photosynthesis, capturing solar energy and making sugars; contain thylakoids and grana.
Define Osmosis.
The movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of high water potential (low solute concentration) to low water potential (high solute concentration).
Define Water Potential.
The tendency of water to move from one area to another, influenced by pressure potential and solute potential; water moves from high to low water potential.
Define Endosymbiotic Theory.
The theory that organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living prokaryotic cells that were engulfed by a host cell.
What is the effect of a high surface area-to-volume ratio in a cell?
More efficient exchange of materials with the environment, better resource acquisition, and waste elimination.
What happens if a plant cell is placed in a hypertonic solution?
The cell will shrink and plasmolyze due to water moving out of the cell.
What is the effect of hydrolytic enzymes in lysosomes?
Breakdown of cellular waste and worn-out parts; also involved in apoptosis (programmed cell death).
What is the result of a cell lacking ribosomes?
The cell cannot synthesize proteins, leading to a disruption of cellular functions.
What happens when the inner mitochondrial membrane is highly folded (cristae)?
Increases the surface area for oxidative phosphorylation, leading to more ATP production.
What happens when a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution?
Water moves into the cell, causing it to swell. In animal cells, this can lead to lysis.