Cell Structure and Function
Which process primarily takes place in animal cell lysosomes?
Protein synthesis
Intracellular digestion
Photosynthesis
Cellular respiration
Which cellular structure is primarily responsible for the detoxification of harmful substances that enter a liver cell?
Golgi apparatus
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Lysosome
How might balanced polymorphism, due to heterozygote advantage, affect an organism's ability to adapt if environmental conditions change abruptly?
Such conditions favor homozygosity over heterozygosity reducing overall adaptability in organisms experiencing balanced polymorphism.
Balanced polymorphism limits adaptive potential because it preserves current genotypes without change.
Rapid environmental changes are too sudden for balanced polymorphism to have any meaningful effect on adaptation.
Increased genetic variability allows for greater resilience and potential adaptability under new environmental pressures.
What would be the likely outcome if a somatic cell undergoing mitosis experienced nondisjunction at one chromosome?
Identical daughter cells because nondisjunction gets corrected immediately preventing abnormalities
Cell with abnormal number chromosomes possibly causing disorders due to cancerous growths or malfunctions
Production of genetically diverse offspring since somatic variations contribute to sexual reproduction
Halved chromosome number similar to gametes in meiosis resulting in haploid cells in somatic tissue
How can you test whether pH fluctuations inside lysosomes affect their degradative capabilities?
Manipulate intralysosomal pH with ionophores while monitoring breakdown rates of fluorescently tagged macromolecules inside lysosomes.
Measure cytosolic pH shifts upon addition of weak bases or acids while checking for accumulation of undigested material by flow cytometry.
Observe changes in lysosome size under varying external pH conditions using transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
Assess enzymatic activity profiles at different pH values outside isolated lysosomes via spectrophotometric assays.
A molecular biologist observes that an inhibitory drug reduces ATP production most directly affecting which cellular component?
Ribosome
Mitochondrion
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
What potential effect on microtubule dynamics might result from modifying tubulin subunits so they bind GTP irreversibly rather than hydrolyzing it?
Complete failure polymerize due lack essential energy input necessary construction
Depleted GTP pools slowing overall growth rate expanding microtubule networks
Premature disassembling preventing spindle assembly correctly orienting chromosomes
Stabilized microtubules resistant dismantling leading prolonged spindle fiber structures

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Given that photosynthesis stores light energy as chemical potential energy, which process occurring within mitochondria is analogous in terms of transferring stored chemical potential back to kinetic?
Glycolysis splitting glucose molecules, releasing small bursts of kinetic heat.
Pyruvate decarboxylation creating acetyl-CoA for entry into the Krebs cycle.
The Krebs cycle turning citrate back into oxaloacetate while releasing CO₂.
Oxidative phosphorylation transforming ATP's stored chemical potential into mechanical work or heat.
What type of microscopy would be most useful to study the detailed three-dimensional structures of rough endoplasmic reticulum in a fixed tissue sample?
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
Light microscopy
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
Fluorescence microscopy
Which explanation best accounts for genetic diversity created through sexual reproduction?
Random fertilization between gametes increases chromosomal counts leading to diversity.
Crossover during mitosis maintains consistent genetic information across dividing cells preventing variation.
Mutations during mitosis generate diverse genetic profiles within an organism's body cells.
Cross over during meiosis creates new allele combinations that contribute to genetic variety.