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What is the effect of a mutation preventing a receptor from binding to its ligand?
The cell will not respond to the signal.
What is the effect of a mutation in a protein kinase that results in uncontrolled cell growth?
The mutated kinase is constitutively active, leading to continuous cell division.
What is the effect of insulin signaling the liver?
The liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen, lowering blood glucose levels.
What is the effect of glucagon signaling the liver?
The liver breaks down glycogen and releases glucose into the blood, raising blood glucose levels.
What are the steps of signal transduction in high blood sugar?
1. Stimulus: High blood glucose. 2. Sensor: Pancreas detects increase. 3. Signal: Pancreas releases insulin. 4. Response: Liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen. 5. Result: Blood glucose returns to normal.
What are the steps of signal transduction in low blood sugar?
1. Stimulus: Low blood glucose. 2. Sensor: Pancreas detects decrease. 3. Signal: Pancreas releases glucagon. 4. Response: Liver breaks down glycogen and releases glucose. 5. Result: Blood glucose returns to normal.
Describe the general process of signal transduction.
1. Signal (ligand) binds to a receptor. 2. Binding activates intracellular proteins. 3. Pathway leads to a cellular response.
What is signal transduction?
The process where a signal is received and converted into a cellular response.
Define gene expression.
The process where information encoded in DNA is used to create a functional product, usually a protein.
What is quorum sensing?
A process where bacteria release signaling molecules, and when the concentration reaches a threshold, it triggers a coordinated response.
What is apoptosis?
Programmed cell death, crucial for development and removing damaged cells.
Define cell differentiation.
The process by which cells become specialized.