Cell Communication and Cell Cycle

It deactivates the receptor preventing any further signals from being received.

It acts as an enzyme directly catalyzing reactions that produce cellular responses.

It transports ions across the membrane to change membrane potential immediately.

It amplifies the signal received from outside and triggers further steps within the pathway.

Ribosome

Polymerase

Phospholipid

Ligand

Photosynthesis

Aerobic cellular respiration

Glycolysis

Anaerobic respiration

Competitive antagonist that blocks adenylate cyclase coupled hormone receptors

Agonist mimics action natural hormone inducing stronger long-lasting effects

Allosteric modulator binds away from active site enhancing enzyme-substrate affinity

Non-competitive inhibitor reduces cholesterol synthesis affecting steroid hormone production

One parent is homozygous dominant, and the other is a carrier.

Both parents are heterozygous carriers of the disorder.

Both parents are unaffected due to incomplete penetrance.

The trait is not actually autosomal recessive but X-linked recessive.

The cell will not successfully transmit the TGF-beta signaling to the nucleus and induce gene expression changes.

Smad proteins will still form complexes with Smad anchoring proteins to mediate translocation to the nucleus at increased rates.

Smad proteins will cause localized downstream signaling overactivation to dominate the cellular response.

Smad proteins will experience no change in functionality due to redundant pathways that circumvent the need for their phosphorylation.

Second messenger

Receptor protein

Structural protein

Transport protein

Increased frequency random mutations genetic material caused chronic stimulation

Altered cellular responses such as prolonged fight-or-flight reaction due hormonal imbalance

Unresponsive cell behavior despite presence external stimuli because inability transmit further down line

Diminished ability detect changes environment leading reduced adaptation skills

Disparity in overall pathway layouts implies convergent evolution of unrelated lineages.

Absence of certain kinases indicates recent evolution of divergent species.

Similarity between phosphorylation components suggests common ancestry shared by organisms.

Homology among a few second messengers hints that large-scale horizontal transfer occurred.

It detaches from the membrane and transports ions through cytoplasmic vesicles.

It phosphorylates adjacent channels, increasing their permeability non-specifically.

It enters the nucleus and acts as a transcription factor for neuron-specific genes.

It changes shape allowing specific ions to flow across the membrane and alter membrane potential.