What are the general steps of a signal transduction pathway?
1. Signal (ligand) binds to receptor. 2. Receptor triggers a cascade of intracellular events. 3. Cellular response occurs.
Describe the normal process of insulin signaling in liver cells.
1. Insulin binds to receptor on liver cell. 2. Signal transduction cascade initiated. 3. Glucose is stored as glycogen, lowering blood sugar.
What are the key differences between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes?
Type 1: Mutation prevents insulin production (no insulin). Type 2: Mutation affects receptor protein, causing insulin resistance.
What is the effect of a mutation in a gene coding for a receptor protein, preventing ligand binding?
The cell will not be able to respond to the ligand, disrupting the signal transduction pathway.
What is the effect of neurotoxins on signal transduction pathways?
Neurotoxins disrupt specific signal transduction pathways, leading to neurotoxic effects.
What is the effect of a chemical that denatures proteins on a signal transduction pathway?
The signal transduction pathway will be disrupted due to non-functional proteins.
What is the effect of unregulated cell division?
Potential for tumors and other harmful conditions, such as cancer.
