All Flashcards
What are the key differences between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes?
Type 1: Mutation prevents insulin production (no insulin). Type 2: Mutation affects receptor protein, causing insulin resistance.
What is the effect of a mutation in a gene coding for a receptor protein, preventing ligand binding?
The cell will not be able to respond to the ligand, disrupting the signal transduction pathway.
What is the effect of neurotoxins on signal transduction pathways?
Neurotoxins disrupt specific signal transduction pathways, leading to neurotoxic effects.
What is the effect of a chemical that denatures proteins on a signal transduction pathway?
The signal transduction pathway will be disrupted due to non-functional proteins.
What is the effect of unregulated cell division?
Potential for tumors and other harmful conditions, such as cancer.
What is a mutation?
A change in the DNA sequence that can affect protein production.
What is a ligand?
A signaling molecule that binds to a receptor protein.
What is signal transduction?
The process by which a cell converts one kind of signal or stimulus into another.
What are inhibitors in signal transduction?
Substances that block receptor protein sites, preventing ligands from binding and disrupting the pathway.
What does it mean for a protein to be denatured?
A protein loses its shape and function due to factors like temperature, chemicals, or pH.