Cell Communication and Cell Cycle

It activates or deactivates proteins involved in the pathway.

It acts as a secondary messenger molecule within the cell.

It prevents any signal from being transmitted to avoid cellular responses.

It transports signals directly into the nucleus without modification.

By promoting gene duplication events increasing gene dosage effects

By adding methyl groups to DNA bases leading to transcriptional repression

By inducing point mutations that result in different amino acid sequences

By causing frameshift mutations through insertion or deletion of nucleotides

Levels of cAMP would remain elevated longer than usual within those cells due to reduced breakdown.

Decreased sensitivity of G protein-coupled receptors on the cell surface causing reduced initial production of cAMP.

Immediate reduction in cAMP as it would rapidly degrade into AMP without phosphodiesterase action.

Increased conversion rate of ATP into cAMP by adenylate cyclase being upregulated due to feedback inhibition.

No change in end product concentration due to regulatory mechanisms maintaining homeostasis.

Decreased production of end products due to feedback inhibition from excess intermediates.

Unchanged enzyme activity because only active sites determine enzymatic turnover rate.

Enhanced production of end products if the enzyme catalyzes a rate-limiting step and substrate is available.

Prolonged fight-or-flight response due to slower dephosphorylation events within signal cascades.

Immediate termination of all fight-or-flight responses as soon as they are initiated.

Rapid escalation beyond normal levels for fight-or-flight responses triggered by stressors.

Increased variability and inconsistency in fight-or-flight responses among individual cells.

Sends a message to the liver when blood glucose is low

Sends a message to the liver when blood glucose is both high and low

The pancreas is not involved in blood glucose regulation

Sends a message to the liver when blood glucose is high

They organize different protein kinases into complexes, allowing for efficient signaling cascades.

They transport lipid-soluble hormones across the cellular membrane to reach their receptors inside the cytoplasm.

They act as enzyme inhibitors for various steps of a signaling cascade, reducing overall efficiency.

They serve as secondary messenger molecules that relay signals between surface receptors and DNA in the nucleus.

Insulin works as a blocker for receptor proteins.

Insulin prevents unrestricted cell division that leads to cancer.

Insulin disrupts the production of protein in cells.

Insulin informs the liver to store glucose as glycogen and reduce blood sugar levels.

Dehydrogenase

Phosphatase

Kinase

Lyase

The hydrophobic regions anchor the receptor in the cell membrane.

The cytoplasmic tail increases receptor stability within the lipid bilayer.

The conformational change facilitates interaction with G proteins.

The extracellular domains specifically capture necessary ions for signaling.