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What happens when the ribosome reaches a stop codon?
Translation terminates, the release factor binds, and the polypeptide is released.
What is the effect of reverse transcriptase on a retrovirus?
It allows the retrovirus to convert its RNA genome into DNA, which can then integrate into the host cell's genome.
What is the effect of a mutation in the start codon?
Translation may not initiate correctly, leading to a non-functional or truncated protein.
What is the effect of inhibiting tRNA function?
Protein synthesis is halted because amino acids cannot be delivered to the ribosome.
What happens when a release factor binds to the stop codon?
The polypeptide is released from the ribosome, and translation terminates.
What is the definition of Translation?
The process where the genetic code in mRNA is used to build a polypeptide on ribosomes.
What is a codon?
A three-nucleotide sequence on mRNA that specifies an amino acid.
What is a ribosome?
A complex molecular machine that synthesizes proteins.
What is tRNA?
Transfer RNA; it brings the correct amino acid to the ribosome based on the mRNA codon.
What is a release factor?
A protein that binds to a stop codon, causing the polypeptide to be released from the ribosome.
What is reverse transcriptase?
An enzyme used by retroviruses to convert RNA into DNA.
What are the key differences between translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes: Transcription and translation occur simultaneously in the cytoplasm. Eukaryotes: Transcription (nucleus) and translation (cytoplasm) are separated.
Compare and contrast the roles of mRNA and tRNA in translation.
mRNA: Carries the genetic code from DNA. tRNA: Brings the correct amino acid to the ribosome based on the mRNA codon.
Compare the A site and P site on the ribosome during translation.
A Site: Where the tRNA with the next amino acid enters. P Site: Where the tRNA with the growing polypeptide chain is located.