All Flashcards
What is the effect of natural selection on allele frequencies?
Natural selection causes allele frequencies to change over time, leading to evolution.
What is the effect of a small population size on allele frequencies?
Small population sizes can lead to genetic drift, causing random fluctuations in allele frequencies.
What is the effect of non-random mating on genotype frequencies?
Non-random mating alters genotype frequencies but does not directly affect allele frequencies.
What is the effect of gene flow on allele frequencies?
Gene flow introduces or removes alleles from a population, altering allele frequencies.
What is the effect of mutations on allele frequencies?
Mutations introduce new alleles into a population, altering allele frequencies.
What is Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
A model describing a theoretical state where allele frequencies in a population remain constant from generation to generation.
Define allele frequency.
The relative proportion of an allele within a population.
Define genotype frequency.
The relative proportion of a genotype within a population.
What is the meaning of 'p' in Hardy-Weinberg equations?
Frequency of the dominant allele.
What is the meaning of 'q' in Hardy-Weinberg equations?
Frequency of the recessive allele.
What does represent in the Hardy-Weinberg equation?
Frequency of homozygous dominant genotype.
What are the steps to calculate allele and genotype frequencies using Hardy-Weinberg if given the number of individuals with the recessive phenotype?
- Find (frequency of homozygous recessive). 2. Calculate (take the square root of ). 3. Calculate (). 4. Calculate , using the values of p and q.
What are the five conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
- No mutation. 2. No selection. 3. No gene flow. 4. Infinite population size. 5. Random mating.