What are the steps to calculate allele and genotype frequencies using Hardy-Weinberg if given the number of individuals with the recessive phenotype?
1. Find $q^2$ (frequency of homozygous recessive). 2. Calculate $q$ (take the square root of $q^2$). 3. Calculate $p$ ($p = 1 - q$). 4. Calculate $p^2$, $2pq$ using the values of p and q.
What are the five conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
1. No mutation. 2. No selection. 3. No gene flow. 4. Infinite population size. 5. Random mating.
What is the difference between allele and genotype frequencies?
Allele frequencies (p, q) represent the proportion of each allele. Genotype frequencies ($p^2$, $2pq$, $q^2$) represent the proportion of each genotype.
What is the effect of natural selection on allele frequencies?
Natural selection causes allele frequencies to change over time, leading to evolution.
What is the effect of a small population size on allele frequencies?
Small population sizes can lead to genetic drift, causing random fluctuations in allele frequencies.
What is the effect of non-random mating on genotype frequencies?
Non-random mating alters genotype frequencies but does not directly affect allele frequencies.
What is the effect of gene flow on allele frequencies?
Gene flow introduces or removes alleles from a population, altering allele frequencies.
What is the effect of mutations on allele frequencies?
Mutations introduce new alleles into a population, altering allele frequencies.
