Natural Selection

Six genotype frequencies need calculation since there are combinations like $A_1A_1$, $A_2A_2$, $A_3A_3$, $A_1A_2$, $A_1A_3$ and $A_2A_3$.

Nine genotype calculations are necessary as each pair combination needs considering separately including repeats like $A_1A_3$ and $A_3A_1$ differently.

Three genotype frequencies will suffice because each allele can form homozygous pairs only once.

Four different genotypes represent all possible combinations involving three alleles at one locus maintaining stability under equilibrium conditions.

to calculate who the ancestor is

to calculate allele frequencies

to calculate the chance of mutations

to calculate whether a species is going to survive or not

Rate of mutation from one allele to another

Current allelic frequencies

Percentage of heterozygotes expressing intermediate body lengths

Number of insects with long bodies

Incorrect assumption of linkage between the studied gene and other loci, causing a perceived deviation from expected Mendelian inheritance patterns assumed to be a result of adaptive evolution.

Misinterpreting the founder effect, where a few individuals colonize a new area, resulting in a skewed gene pool and concluding adaptations rather than demographic stochasticity.

Incorrectly attributing background pollution effects as favoritism towards certain phenotypes within the environment, thus mistaken as natural selection.

Sampling error due to selecting non-representative samples multiple times consecutively leading to the misinterpretation of data trends as natural selection effects instead of chance events.

Predictions remain reliable assuming migrants reproduce randomly with native organisms maintaining current allele frequencies.

Accuracy improves due to increased genetic variability stabilizing allele frequency changes over time following migration events.

Predictions become less accurate as gene flow introduces new alleles altering existing allele frequencies unpredictably.

The impact on predictions is negligible as long as mutation rates do not simultaneously rise within both migrant and native groups post-migration.

Extinction Events

Balanced Polymorphism

Genetic Drift

Natural Selection

Nonrandom Mating

Stabilizing selection occurs, favoring plants with average root lengths and reducing extremes.

Selection for alleles favoring longer root systems capable of reaching deeper water sources increases frequency.

Gene flow introduces alleles that decrease root length variability within the population overall.

Disruptive selection favors both very short and very long roots compared to moderate lengths.

$(0.68)^2$

$(1 - 0.32)^2$

$2 * (0.32) * (1 - 0.32)$

$(0.32)^2$

Random mating.

No net mutations.

Migration between populations.

Large population size.

Because genetic drift will effect a small population more

Because genetic drift will effect a large population more

Because gene flow will effect a small population more

Because gene flow will effect a large population more