Cell Structure and Function

ribosomes

Endoplasmic reticulum

mitochondria

nucleus

It can decrease variation within both populations if they are equally resistant or susceptible.

It has no effect on allelic frequencies as resistance is determined solely by mutation rates within each population.

It will always reduce the fitness of one population by diluting adaptive alleles with maladaptive ones.

It can introduce resistant alleles into a susceptible population, increasing its overall resistance frequency.

Natural selection favored rabbits with thicker fur for better insulation against the cold.

Mutation rates increased, leading to more alleles for thick fur.

Rabbits with thick fur reproduced at younger ages than other rabbits.

Genetic drift caused an increase in thick-fur allele frequency by chance alone.

Centriole

Golgi apparatus

Peroxisome

Mitochondrion

Mutation rates dramatically increase after a bottleneck event ensuring rapid recovery from any loss of diversity experienced during the event.

Genetic drift becomes negligible post-bottleneck because the remaining individuals' genotypes are too similar to allow random fluctuations.

It may drastically reduce genetic diversity making future adaptations more difficult due to limited genetic variations upon which natural selection can act.

The bottleneck increases genetic diversity as only those cheetahs that adapt quickly will survive and reproduce post-event.

Screen for mutations in nuclear pore complex proteins using CRISPR-Cas9 techniques within a single species.

Experimentally evolve cultures of unicellular eukaryotes under controlled conditions that select for changes in nuclear transport efficiency.

Map out protein-protein interactions within nuclear pore complexes across a range of species.

Perform computational simulations based on evolutionary algorithms to reveal possible pathways for efficient molecule transport.

Storage of calcium ions

Protein synthesis

Synthesis of lipids

Detoxification of drugs and alcohol

Decrease in population size due to damaged DNA and cellular structures.

Enhanced photosynthesis rates due to greater energy supply from increased UV radiation levels.

Increase in diversity assuming UV radiation drives mutation rate and genetic variability.

Little change as phytoplankton develops sunblocks or other protective mechanisms over time.

By synchronous spawning events that ensure equal distribution of offspring.

By occupying different niches such as varying depths or light exposures.

Due to predation, which reduces densities of both coral competitors evenly.

Through mutualistic relationships where both coral types provide resources for each other.

Prokaryotes are ancestors of mitochondria

A eukaryotic cell became an endosymbiont in a prokaryotic cell

Mitochondria were originally eukaryotic cells independent of prokaryotes

An early ancestor of eukaryotic cells engulfed a prokaryotic cell