Cell Structure and Function

Osmosis of water into plant root cells along a water potential gradient

Facilitated diffusion of glucose into muscle cells down its concentration gradient

Root hair cells expending ATP to absorb nutrients from soil against concentration gradients

Passive movement of oxygen from alveoli into blood capillaries driven by partial pressure differences

Proteins

Carbohydrates

Phospholipids

Cholesterol

Flippase enzymes facilitate movement of phospholipids across the bilayer.

Endocytosis selectively removes specific phospholipids from areas.

Exocytosis adds lipids to only one side of the membrane as vesicles fuse.

Glycolysis provides energy to distribute phospholipids unevenly.

The mutated phospholipids would form tighter junctions, making the membrane less permeable.

The mutation would lead to an increased number of lipid rafts, enhancing cellular signaling.

The overall structure of the plasma membrane would remain unchanged despite the mutation.

The membrane's fluidity would increase, possibly disrupting its integrity and permeability.

It increases membrane permeability to small hydrophobic molecules by creating gaps between phospholipids.

Cholesterol primarily serves as a source for synthesizing new phospholipid molecules within the bilayer.

Cholesterol modulates fluidity and stabilizes membrane structure across temperature variations.

Cholesterol introduces negative charge on the membrane surface affecting ion attraction and repulsion dynamics uniformly.

Non-polar molecules and polar molecules

Hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails

Adhesion proteins and transport proteins

Glycoproteins and glycolipids

There would be no change since resting potential is determined solely by intracellular potassium levels and not affected by extracellular concentrations.

The resting membrane potential would become more negative due to increased sodium-potassium pump activity compensating for higher extracellular K+ levels.

The action potential threshold would decrease making it easier for neurons to fire due directly to elevated extracellular K+ ions acting as additional stimuli.

The resting membrane potential would become less negative due to decreased potassium ion gradient across the membrane.

A higher proportion of unsaturated phospholipid tails

An increase in cholesterol content within the membrane

A higher proportion of saturated phospholipid tails

A decrease in the number of integral membrane proteins

Unchanged function because integral proteins are designed to withstand significant fluctuations in ambient environmental conditions, including shifts in temperature.

Hyperactivation of enzyme due to secondary and tertiary bonding interactions being strengthened at higher temperatures.

Denaturation of enzyme structure, leading to reduced catalytic activity if the optimal range is surpassed above or below a certain threshold.

Increased diffusion rate of substrates toward the active site, speeding up enzymatic reactions given moderate heat increments.

Develop thicker cell walls for structural support.

Use facilitated diffusion to import more water into the cell.

Contractile vacuole to expel excess water.

Increase solute concentration inside the cytoplasm.