Cellular Energetics
What term describes the substance an enzyme binds to and transforms during a chemical reaction?
Activator
Product
Substrate
Inhibitor
Which condition would most likely increase the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction?
An increase in substrate concentration up to the point of saturation.
A substantial change in pH away from the enzyme's optimal value.
The addition of a competitive inhibitor that closely mimics the substrate.
A significant rise in temperature beyond the enzyme's optimal range.
An increase in which factor would typically increase enzymatic activity until it reaches its maximum rate?
Coenzyme deficiency.
Product accumulation.
Inhibitor concentration.
Substrate concentration.
Which variable must remain constant for an experiment investigating how pH affects enzyme activity to be valid?
Number of trials
Duration of observation period
Time taken for reaction completion
Control group conditions
When pH levels shift away from an enzyme's optimal range and enzyme activity declines, what molecular interaction within the enzyme is most likely disrupted?
Covalent bonding within prosthetic groups attached to enzymes
Hydrogen bonding between amino acid side chains
Peptide bonds linking amino acids in primary structure
Ionic interactions between R groups on exterior surfaces of tertiary structures
What is a limiting factor of enzyme catalysis when there is only so many enzymes available for the reactions?
pH
Temperature
Substrate concentration
Hydration
Where on the enzyme does the substrate bind?
Active site
Binding domain
Allosteric site
Regulatory site

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If a novel enzyme is discovered in an extremophile species that operates at high temperatures, which experimental condition would likely yield the optimum rate of catalysis for this enzyme in vitro?
Observing the enzyme's function solely at refrigeration temperatures (about 4°C).
Assessing the enzyme's activity exclusively at human body temperature.
Testing the enzyme's activity at various temperatures above standard laboratory conditions.
Evaluating enzyme kinetics only at room temperature (20-25°C).
What mechanism allows for new combinations of alleles on homologous chromosomes that are significant contributors towards genetic variability within sexually reproducing populations?
Crossing over during prophase I of meiosis results in recombination between homologous chromosomes.
Independent assortment during metaphase I leads each pair of homologous chromosomes separating independently.
Random fertilization creates new allele combinations when gametes unite during syngamy.
Gene duplications occurring throughout interphase produce additional copies of genes that may diverge functionally.
Given a pedigree chart displaying an autosomal dominant disorder, what is the most likely genotype of an affected individual whose parents are both unaffected?
Homozygous recessive for the disease allele
Homozygous dominant for the disease allele
Unable to determine without more genetic information
Heterozygous for the disease allele