Heredity

Anaphase II

Metaphase I

Anaphase I

Prophase II

Polyploidy can lead to immediate reproductive isolation due to mismatches in chromosome numbers post-syngamy with diploid or haploid organisms.

Consistent ploidy level across populations suggests an absence of speciation events driven by genomic duplications.

The genome size impacts metabolic rate and not speciation since evolutionary success depends primarily on energy efficiency.

Polyploidy always results in decreased fertility and speciation because it disrupts regular meiotic segregation patterns.

Simultaneous expression in phenotype regardless of environment

Low frequency of recombination between them during meiosis

High rate of mutations occurring within both genes

Independent assortment during gamete formation

Chromosome structural abnormalities such as inversions or duplications.

The complete absence of recombination for all genes on the chromosome.

Decreased likelihood that linked genes will be inherited together.

Non-disjunction affecting chromatids during anaphase.

All four gametes will have either $n+1$ or $n-1$ chromosomes depending on which chromosome failed to separate properly.

Two gametes will have $n+1$ chromosomes; two will have $n-1$ chromosomes.

Three gametes will be normal $(n)$ and one will have either an extra or missing chromosome $(n\pm1)$.

One gamete will have $n+2$ chromosomes; three will have $n-2$ chromosomes.

To produce gametes with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

To replace damaged cells through asexual reproduction.

To replicate cells for growth and tissue repair.

To create identical daughter cells with the same genetic material.

It increases genetic variation by producing unique combinations of alleles during gametogenesis.

Homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material through crossing over in prophase I.

Spindle fibers begin to form that will later separate sister chromatids in anaphase II.

Nuclear envelope reassembles around chromosome sets, preparing for cytokinesis in telophase II.

To increase cell numbers rapidly for growth or tissue repair similar to how bacteria reproduce via binary fission.

To replicate DNA more efficiently without needing the synthesis phase preceding cell division.

To ensure genetic diversity and proper chromosomal number in sexual reproduction after fertilization occurs between two haploid cells forming a diploid zygote.

Alignment of chromosomes along the metaphase plate during metaphase II

Separation of homologous chromosomes during anaphase I

Splitting centromeres and separation of sister chromatids during anaphase II

Duplication of chromatids during interphase

Four haploid

Two haploid

Two diploid

Four diploid